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Ancient RNA expression profiles from the extinct woolly mammoth.

Emilio Mármol-Sánchez¹, Bastian Fromm², Nikolay Oskolkov³

¹Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden; Centre for Palaeogenetics, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden; Center for Evolutionary Hologenomics, The Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 1353, Denmark.

|November 15, 2025

Summary

Researchers recovered ancient RNA from woolly mammoths, revealing tissue-specific gene expression and metabolism in ancient mammals. This breakthrough extends the study of ancient life beyond DNA to RNA, opening new avenues in paleogenomics.

Keywords:

Mammuthus primigenius Pleistocene ancient DNA ancient RNA genes microRNAs paleogenomics woolly mammoth

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Area of Science:

Paleogenomics
Molecular Biology
Evolutionary Biology

Background:

Ancient DNA (aDNA) analysis has transformed evolutionary studies, enabling genome reconstruction of extinct species.
Current methods analyzing aDNA do not provide insights into gene expression, tissue identity, or transcriptional regulation, which are encoded in RNA.
Ancient RNA (aRNA) analysis offers a complementary approach to aDNA for understanding biological functions in extinct organisms.

Purpose of the Study:

To explore the potential of ancient RNA sequencing for reconstructing gene expression and biological functions in extinct species.
To analyze transcriptional profiles from Late Pleistocene woolly mammoths.
To establish a framework for validating and decoding ancient RNA sequences.

Main Methods:

Sequencing of RNA extracted from 10 woolly mammoth specimens.
Radiocarbon dating of specimens to determine age.
Bioinformatic analysis to identify tissue-specific regulatory mechanisms and biological functions.

Main Results:

Successfully recovered ancient RNA sequences from 10 woolly mammoths.
Identified the oldest ancient RNA sequences to date from a mammoth specimen dated to approximately 39,000 years old.
Recovered tissue-specific regulatory mechanisms and biological functions related to skeletal muscle metabolism.
Demonstrated the feasibility of studying ancient RNA beyond previous limitations.

Conclusions:

Ancient RNA sequencing provides valuable insights into gene expression, tissue identity, and biological functions of extinct organisms.
The developed analytical framework enables the validation and decoding of ancient RNA.
This work paves the way for integrative paleogenomic studies combining genomics, transcriptomics, and proteomics.