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A Method for Investigating Age-related Differences in the Functional Connectivity of Cognitive Control Networks Associated with Dimensional Change Card Sort Performance

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Published on: May 7, 2014

Aging-related changes in cognitive flexibility: fMRI meta-analysis.

Zhanna Chuikova^1,2, Andrei Faber³, Andrei Filatov⁴

¹Cognitive Health and Intelligence Centre, Institute for Cognitive Neuroscience, HSE University, Moscow, Russian Federation. zhanna7496@mail.ru.

Behavioral and Brain Functions : BBF

|November 16, 2025

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Cognitive flexibility shows age-related neural changes, with older adults exhibiting reduced posterior and increased anterior brain activity. Different tasks reveal distinct neural patterns, highlighting varied aging mechanisms for rule-retrieval versus rule-discovery.

Keywords:

Aging Cognitive flexibility Rule-discovery Rule-retrieval Task switching paradigm Wisconsin card sorting test fMRI

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Last Updated: Jan 11, 2026

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Published on: May 7, 2014

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Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Cognitive Psychology
Aging Research

Background:

Cognitive flexibility is crucial for daily functioning.
Understanding age-related changes in cognitive flexibility is vital for healthy aging.
Neural correlates of cognitive flexibility vary across the lifespan.

Purpose of the Study:

To meta-analyze age-related changes in neural correlates of cognitive flexibility.
To compare neural patterns for rule-discovery (Wisconsin Card Sorting Test) and rule-retrieval (Task-Switching Paradigm).
To investigate differential aging trajectories in cognitive flexibility mechanisms.

Main Methods:

Meta-analysis of 85 articles (118 experiments, 2246 participants).
Activation Likelihood Estimation (ALE) to identify consistent brain activation patterns.
Categorization of participants into young, middle-age, and older adult groups.

Main Results:

Older adults showed decreased neural involvement, particularly in posterior regions, with an anterior shift.
Younger adults displayed bilateral activation; older adults showed left-dominant activity, indicating neural redistribution.
Rule-retrieval engaged left frontoparietal regions; rule-discovery showed age-related changes in frontoparietal regions, with older adults activating the left inferior frontal gyrus.

Conclusions:

Cognitive flexibility exhibits distinct age-related neural trajectories for rule-retrieval versus rule-discovery.
Middle-age adults recruit conflict monitoring regions; older adults utilize planning-related areas, suggesting strategy shifts.
Findings offer insights into neural underpinnings of cognitive flexibility aging and task-specific differences.