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Engineering a smart intrauterine device based on pH-controlled copper release.

Greta Bertola1, Florinda Coro1,2, Arti Ahluwalia1,2,3

  • 1Department of Information Engineering University of Pisa Pisa Italy.

Bioengineering & Translational Medicine
|November 17, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces a smart intrauterine device (IUD) using pH-sensitive hydrogels to control copper ion release. This innovation offers on-demand contraception, potentially improving safety and efficacy for women.

Keywords:
controlled releaseequitable healthcareintrauterine devicepH sensitive hydrogelssmart medical device

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Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Science
  • Reproductive Health Technology
  • Drug Delivery Systems

Background:

  • Intrauterine devices (IUDs) typically involve constant hormone or copper ion exposure.
  • Existing IUDs lack control over contraceptive agent release, despite physiological pH changes during intercourse.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To design and evaluate a novel pH-responsive smart IUD capable of modulating copper ion release.
  • To explore the potential of anionic and cationic hydrogels for on-demand contraceptive delivery.

Main Methods:

  • Integration of pH-sensitive biopolymer-based hydrogels (anionic and cationic) into a commercial IUD using 3D printing.
  • Computational simulations to optimize gel thickness for controlled release.
  • In vitro testing of copper ion release at varying pH levels (acidic and basic).

Main Results:

  • Anionic gels showed increased diffusion with higher pH; cationic gels shrunk, exposing the copper wire at alkaline pH.
  • Computational models confirmed appropriate gel thickness for minimal leaching at low pH and effective release at high pH.
  • Both anionic and cationic hydrogels demonstrated successful modulation of copper ion release, indicating their viability for smart IUDs.

Conclusions:

  • pH-responsive hydrogels can be engineered into smart IUDs for on-demand copper ion release.
  • This technology offers a pathway towards safer and more controlled IUD-based contraception.
  • The open-source design facilitates further development and customization of smart contraceptive devices.