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Somatosensation01:33

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The somatosensory system relays sensory information from the skin, mucous membranes, limbs, and joints. Somatosensation is more familiarly known as the sense of touch. A typical somatosensory pathway includes three types of long neurons: primary, secondary, and tertiary. Primary neurons have cell bodies located near the spinal cord in groups of neurons called dorsal root ganglia. The sensory neurons of ganglia innervate designated areas of skin called dermatomes.

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Palpation Characteristics of an Instrumented Virtual Cricothyroidotomy Simulator.

Melih Turkseven1, Trudi Di Qi2, Ganesh Sankaranarayanan3

  • 1Faculty of Engineering and Science, Sabanci University, Istanbul, Turkey.

IEEE Transactions on Human-Machine Systems
|November 17, 2025
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Summary

This study developed a virtual reality simulator with a haptic interface for cricothyroidotomy (CCT) training. Surgeons improved palpation skills and adjusted applied forces based on landmark identification accuracy during virtual practice.

Keywords:
cricothyroidotomyextended-realitypalpation interfacesurgical trainingtactile feedback

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Area of Science:

  • Medical Simulation
  • Surgical Training
  • Haptic Technology

Background:

  • Cricothyroidotomy (CCT) is a critical procedure relying on palpating neck landmarks.
  • Virtual simulation offers realistic, cost-effective training but lacks tactile feedback for palpation skills.
  • Existing haptic interfaces often use mannequins not fully integrated into virtual environments.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce and evaluate an instrumented physical palpation interface for CCT within a virtual surgical simulator.
  • To analyze haptic interaction data to assess palpation skill development and force modulation strategies.
  • To correlate palpation performance with landmark identification accuracy.

Main Methods:

  • Developed an instrumented physical palpation interface integrated into a virtual CCT simulator.
  • Ten surgeons trained using the simulator over a defined period.
  • Collected and analyzed haptic interaction data, focusing on force modulation and exploration patterns.

Main Results:

  • Trainees demonstrated increased precision in palpation exploration over time.
  • Participants applied greater normal forces when near target anatomical landmarks.
  • Initial accuracy in landmark identification influenced subsequent force application strategies.

Conclusions:

  • The instrumented haptic interface effectively supports the development of palpation skills for cricothyroidotomy.
  • Virtual simulation with tactile feedback can enhance surgical training by refining force modulation and exploration techniques.
  • Objective haptic data provides insights into learning curves and skill acquisition in surgical simulation.