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Cognitive load scale for AI-assisted L2 writing: scale development and validation.

Guangyuan Yao1, Lingxi Fan2,3

  • 1Department of English, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao SAR, China.

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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed the Cognitive Load Scale for AI-assisted L2 Writing (CL-AI-L2W) to measure cognitive demands in human-AI writing. This validated scale aids understanding of AI

Keywords:
AI-assisted writingcognitive loadgenerative AIhuman-AI interactionscale developmentsecond language writing

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Area of Science:

  • Educational Psychology
  • Applied Linguistics
  • Human-Computer Interaction

Background:

  • Generative AI is increasingly integrated into second language (L2) writing.
  • Understanding the cognitive load associated with AI-assisted L2 writing is crucial for effective pedagogy and theory development.
  • Existing instruments do not specifically address the unique cognitive demands of human-AI collaborative writing.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and validate the Cognitive Load Scale for AI-assisted L2 Writing (CL-AI-L2W).
  • To measure the distinct cognitive load dimensions experienced by L2 writers using AI tools.
  • To provide a psychometrically sound instrument for research and educational practice in AI-enhanced writing environments.

Main Methods:

  • A mixed-methods approach integrating cognitive writing theory and human-AI interaction research.
  • Item pool refinement through expert feedback and interviews.
  • Exploratory Factor Analysis (N=241) and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (N=305) to establish scale structure and validity.

Main Results:

  • A validated 18-item CL-AI-L2W scale with a robust four-factor structure: Prompt Management, Critical Evaluation, Integrative Synthesis, and Authorial Core Processing.
  • The scale demonstrated excellent internal consistency and strong criterion-related validity.
  • Significant correlations were found between the scale and writing anxiety, self-efficacy, and perceived mental effort.

Conclusions:

  • The CL-AI-L2W is the first validated instrument to measure cognitive load in AI-assisted L2 writing.
  • The scale provides a reliable tool for assessing the cognitive impact of AI on L2 composition.
  • Findings can inform the development of effective pedagogical strategies and theoretical frameworks for AI-integrated L2 writing instruction.