Self-objectification and commentary on physical appearance predict exercise dependence in young Chinese males: a...

Exercise dependence has emerged as a growing concern in China alongside the rapid expansion of fitness culture, yet little is known about its psychological mechanisms in men. Guided by Cash's cognitive-behavioral model, this study examined whether self-objectification and appearance-related commentary predict exercise dependence through the sequential mediating roles of social physique anxiety and muscle dysmorphia. Data were collected in a four-wave survey over 20 weeks from 354 gym members across 12 clubs in three major Chinese cities. Participants were well-educated male strength-training enthusiasts, had stable incomes, and reported regular training habits, aged 24-45 years. Structural equation modeling supported the hypothesized model: both self-objectification (B = 0.08, p < 0.05, 95% CI [0.07, 0.29]) and appearance commentary (B = 0.21, p < 0.05, 95% CI [0.09, 0.34]) predicted exercise dependence indirectly through social physique anxiety and muscle dysmorphia. Findings highlight that evaluative cognitions and appearance-related commentary exacerbate emotional vulnerabilities, which in turn fuel maladaptive exercise behaviors. The study advances theory by extending the cognitive-behavioral model to Chinese men and underscores the importance of addressing both social feedback and emotional regulation in prevention and intervention efforts.