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Updated: Jul 4, 2026

Bioelectric Analyses of an Osseointegrated Intelligent Implant Design System for Amputees

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Published on: July 15, 2009

A biofidelic mock residual limb for prosthetic socket testing.

C Phillips¹, A Nagpal², F Azhari¹

¹Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.

Canadian Prosthetics & Orthotics Journal

|November 17, 2025

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed a novel, adjustable prosthetic mock limb for testing socket fit. This biofidelic device accurately simulates residual limb volume changes, improving prosthetic design and reducing clinical trial dependency.

Keywords:

Adjustable Sockets Amputation Artificial Limbs Bench-Top Evaluation Biofidelic Limb Loss Mock Residual Limb Prosthesis Prosthetic Sockets Rehabilitation Transtibial Volume Change

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Area of Science:

Biomedical Engineering
Prosthetics and Orthotics
Rehabilitation Engineering

Background:

Accurate simulation of load transfer between residual limbs and prosthetic sockets is crucial for evaluating fit and function.
Existing static mock limbs limit the assessment of adjustable socket technologies.
Resource-intensive clinical trials are often required for prosthetic development.

Purpose of the Study:

To design and validate a biofidelic mock limb capable of real-time, controllable volume adjustments (±5% limb volume).
To create a cost-effective and customizable tool for prosthetic research.

Main Methods:

Embedded water-filled bladders within a dual-durometer urethane transtibial residual limb model.
Utilized an Arduino-controlled syringe system for actuating volume adjustments.
Validated through repeatability tests quantifying interfacial pressures during volume changes.

Main Results:

Fabricated limb using readily available materials for under CAD 400.
Volume change rate minimally affected interfacial pressure; minimal hysteresis observed.
Demonstrated high repeatability with normalized pressure variation below 10.4%.

Conclusions:

Validated biofidelic mock limb effectively mimics transtibial residual limb volume changes.
Design allows for easy replication and customization for various limb physiologies.
Enables controllable bench-top testing for adjustable prosthetic devices, accelerating clinical use.