A comprehensive survey on securing the social internet of things: protocols, threat mitigation, technological...

The integration of social networking concepts with the Internet of Things (IoT) has led to the Social Internet of Things (SIoT)-a paradigm enabling autonomous, context-aware interactions among devices based on social relationships. While this connectivity improves interoperability, it also raises critical challenges in trust management, secure communication, and data protection. This survey reviews 225 papers published between 2014 and 18 September 2025, analyzing advancements in SIoT security. Sources include IEEE Xplore, ACM Digital Library, Springer, ScienceDirect (Elsevier), MDPI, Wiley, Taylor & Francis, and Google Scholar. Blockchain and AI/ML approaches feature prominently, with blockchain referenced in more than 50 papers, AI/ML in over 80, and many adopting both in combination. The literature is examined across architectural foundations, security requirements, and layered defenses, with evaluation most often based on latency, accuracy, scalability, and false-positive rate. The review further highlights existing security and communication protocols, attack mitigation strategies, and the adoption of blockchain, cloud, and edge computing for scalable and decentralized processing. The survey traces the evolution of SIoT research, identifies future directions to strengthen security and transparency, and serves as a reference for researchers and practitioners designing secure and decentralized SIoT environments.