An introduction to Delphi studies and consensus methods for genetic counselors

Delphi studies, a type of consensus method, are instrumental in healthcare research for gathering expert perspectives, especially when conclusive evidence is not available. Developed in the 1950s, Delphi methodology is characterized by anonymity, iteration, controlled feedback, and statistical group response. The traditional Delphi method, along with its subforms, policy and decision, has been widely used across various fields, including genetic counseling. In genetic counseling, Delphi studies have been used for guideline development, curriculum design, clinical competency selection, and establishing quality metrics. The overall goal of this research methodology article is to explain the potential benefit of using a Delphi method in the field of genetic counseling and differentiate the Delphi method from other consensus methods available. Educational applications include creating curricula for Master's programs and defining competencies for clinical supervision. Delphi studies have also been used to develop core outcome sets and standardize outcome reporting measures in genetic counseling research. Quality assessment in genetic services has also been studied using Delphi studies. In addition to summarizing Delphi studies in genetic counseling, we provide an overview of the major questions to consider when constructing a Delphi protocol. We discuss common design and provide practical tips for implementation such as: who counts as an expert, how to decide how many rounds to do, how to set up the questionnaire, and how to report findings of a Delphi study. Researchers should thoughtfully consider these many points and the impacts these choices may have on their overall study results.