Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jan 11, 2026
Single-stage Dynamic Reanimation of the Smile in Irreversible Facial Paralysis by Free Functional Muscle Transfer
Published on: March 1, 2015
Implantable and Prosthetic Devices for Dynamic Facial Reanimation: A Scoping Review
Matthew L Harris1, Mitesh P Mehta2, Zain G Siddiqi1
1Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
Importance:
This review aims to assess the current landscape of implantable and prosthetic devices for dynamic facial reanimation. Evaluation will include mechanisms, reported effectiveness, and clinical feasibility.
Observations:
This scoping review included 34 primary studies published since 2000, focusing on prosthetic and implantable devices for dynamic facial reanimation. Four major categories emerged: electromyography-functional electrical stimulation (EMG-FES) systems, artificial muscles, electromagnetic actuators, and wearable prosthetics. Most research addressed periocular reanimation, particularly blinking, and several studies discussed midface and smile restoration. EMG-FES systems were the most represented and robust across animal in vivo models. Artificial muscle, electromagnetic actuators, and wearable prosthetics mostly remain in theoretical stages.
Conclusions And Relevance:
Although not yet fully viable, implantable and prosthetic devices show potential to complement or one day replace current surgical approaches to facial reanimation. EMG-FES systems offer the most viable near-term options. Clinically, these technologies may offer customizable, dynamic facial movement restoration, especially for patients with limited surgical options. Continued innovation and long-term safety studies will be essential.
