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Oral Lichen Planus and Systemic Diseases.

S Warnakulasuriya1,2, P Ramos-García3,4, M Á González-Moles3,4

  • 1Faculty of Dental, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK.

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|November 19, 2025
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Oral lichen planus is linked to numerous systemic diseases, including diabetes, thyroid disorders, and mental health conditions. Recognizing these connections is vital for comprehensive patient care and managing potential health risks.

Keywords:
autoimmunitydiabetesevidence-based dentistry/health careoncologyoral lichen planusoral-systemic disease(s)

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Area of Science:

  • Oral Medicine
  • Dermatology
  • Internal Medicine
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a prevalent autoimmune disorder of the oral mucosa with malignant potential.
  • The mouth serves as an indicator of overall health, reflecting systemic conditions.
  • Understanding OLP comorbidities is crucial for healthcare professionals managing patient well-being.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To critically review the comorbidity between oral lichen planus and various systemic diseases.
  • To highlight the increased predisposition of OLP patients to specific systemic conditions.
  • To inform healthcare providers about the implications of these associations for patient management and general health.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic review of existing research on oral lichen planus comorbidities.
  • Meta-analysis of pooled proportions (PP) and odds ratios (OR) for associated systemic diseases.
  • Statistical analysis to determine the significance (P-values) of observed associations.

Main Results:

  • Patients with OLP show significant predispositions to diabetes mellitus (PP=9.77%, OR=1.64), Hashimoto thyroiditis (PP=8.60%, OR=2.2), hypothyroidism (PP=8.14%, OR=1.65), and hyperthyroidism (PP=2.84%, OR=2.11).
  • Strong associations were found with celiac disease (PP=7.14%, OR=4.09), hepatitis C (PP=7.14%, OR=4.09), steatohepatitis (PP=7.06%, OR=5.71), and liver cirrhosis (PP=4.27%, OR=5.8).
  • Significant links were also identified with depression (PP=31.19%, OR=6.15), anxiety (PP=54.76%, OR=3.51), and stress (PP=41.10%, OR=3.64).
  • Some systemic diseases, like diabetes, may contribute to OLP development.
  • These comorbidities increase the risk for cancers in the liver, thyroid, small intestine, and oral cavity.

Conclusions:

  • Patients with OLP exhibit a higher prevalence and risk of systemic diseases compared to the general population.
  • Awareness of these comorbidities is essential for primary care physicians, dentists, and oral health professionals.
  • Further research is recommended to elucidate the pathobiology and clinical management strategies for these interconnected conditions.