Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Orthogonal Trajectories

Orthogonal Trajectories

Orthogonal trajectories describe the geometric relationship between two families of curves that intersect each other at right angles. One illustrative case involves a family of parabolas that open sideways along the x-axis. These curves share a common shape but differ by a scaling parameter, resulting in a set of curves that all pass through the origin and widen at different rates.Determining Orthogonal TrajectoriesTo identify the orthogonal trajectories for these parabolas, the first step...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Irisin and anxiety-like behaviors: Mechanistic integration of peripheral-central crosstalk, neuroinflammation, and neural plasticity.

Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews·2026

Same author

Effectiveness and safety of probiotics in treating knee osteoarthritis: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

Frontiers in medicine·2026

Same author

Biaxial Strain-Engineered Pt-Sulfur Vacancy Dual Active Sites in Pt/MoO<sub>2</sub>@MoS<sub>2</sub> Architectures for pH-Universal Hydrogen Evolution.

ACS nano·2026

Same author

Imaginary Poynting momentum: polarization topology and versatile optical manipulation.

National science review·2026

Same author

Reductant-Activated Indium Phosphide Magic-Sized Clusters for Dual-Path Synthesis of Bright Blue Emitters and Narrow-Band Quantum Dots.

Nano letters·2026

Same author

Peanut protein-fortified alginate hydrogel beads for EGCG encapsulation: Fabrication, characterization, and in vitro digestive behavior.

International journal of biological macromolecules·2026

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 30, 2026

A Simple, Robust, and High Throughput Single Molecule Flow Stretching Assay Implementation for Studying Transport of Molecules Along DNA

A Simple, Robust, and High Throughput Single Molecule Flow Stretching Assay Implementation for Studying Transport of Molecules Along DNA

Published on: October 1, 2017

TR2-D2: Tree Search Guided Trajectory-Aware Fine-Tuning for Discrete Diffusion.

Sophia Tang¹, Yuchen Zhu², Molei Tao²

¹Department of Computer and Information Science, University of Pennsylvania.

|November 19, 2025

Summary

We introduce Tree Search Guided Trajectory-Aware Fine-Tuning for Discrete Diffusion (TR2-D2), a novel method for optimizing diffusion models. TR2-D2 enhances reward-guided trajectory generation in discrete sequences using Monte Carlo Tree Search.

More Related Videos

A Protocol for Real-time 3D Single Particle Tracking

A Protocol for Real-time 3D Single Particle Tracking

Published on: January 3, 2018

Single-Molecule Tracking Microscopy - A Tool for Determining the Diffusive States of Cytosolic Molecules

Single-Molecule Tracking Microscopy - A Tool for Determining the Diffusive States of Cytosolic Molecules

Published on: September 5, 2019

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Apr 30, 2026

A Simple, Robust, and High Throughput Single Molecule Flow Stretching Assay Implementation for Studying Transport of Molecules Along DNA

A Simple, Robust, and High Throughput Single Molecule Flow Stretching Assay Implementation for Studying Transport of Molecules Along DNA

Published on: October 1, 2017

A Protocol for Real-time 3D Single Particle Tracking

A Protocol for Real-time 3D Single Particle Tracking

Published on: January 3, 2018

Single-Molecule Tracking Microscopy - A Tool for Determining the Diffusive States of Cytosolic Molecules

Single-Molecule Tracking Microscopy - A Tool for Determining the Diffusive States of Cytosolic Molecules

Published on: September 5, 2019

Area of Science:

Artificial Intelligence
Computational Biology
Machine Learning

Background:

Reinforcement learning with stochastic optimal control is used for diffusion model fine-tuning.
Current methods can reinforce suboptimal trajectories due to reliance on model rollouts.

Purpose of the Study:

To introduce a novel framework, TR2-D2, for optimizing discrete diffusion trajectories.
To overcome limitations of existing methods by using tree search for trajectory-aware fine-tuning.

Main Methods:

TR2-D2 utilizes Monte Carlo Tree Search (MCTS) to generate replay buffers.
These buffers are used for trajectory-aware fine-tuning of pre-trained discrete diffusion models.
The optimization objective is based on stochastic optimal control.

Main Results:

TR2-D2 effectively optimizes reward-guided discrete diffusion trajectories.
The framework was validated on single- and multi-objective fine-tuning tasks.
Demonstrated reliable reward-guided fine-tuning in biological sequence generation.

Conclusions:

TR2-D2 offers an effective approach for reward-guided fine-tuning of discrete diffusion models.
The method enhances trajectory optimization through tree search and replay buffers.
TR2-D2 shows promise for applications in biological sequence generation.