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Related Concept Videos

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

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T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
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The adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense mechanism, relies on the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, or B cells. These processes enable our bodies to mount a tailored response against specific pathogens such as bacteria, free virus particles, toxins, and parasites.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 11, 2026

Spatial and Temporal Control of T Cell Activation Using a Photoactivatable Agonist
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Spatial and Temporal Control of T Cell Activation Using a Photoactivatable Agonist

Published on: April 25, 2018

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FIRST PASSAGE TIMES TO T CELL ACTIVATION.

Tony Wong1, Ikchang Cho2, Maria R D'Orsogna3

  • 1Department of Mathematics, University of California, Los Angeles.

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|November 19, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

T cells must recognize foreign antigens presented by antigen-presenting cells (APCs) for adaptive immunity. This study models T cell activation, revealing how kinetic proofreading enhances specificity against non-cognate APCs.

Keywords:
35K5735Q9260J7092C1792C37First-passage timesT cellsadaptive immune systemantigen recognitionkinetic proofreading

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Computational Biology
  • Systems Biology

Background:

  • Adaptive immune responses depend on T cell activation by antigen-presenting cells (APCs) within lymph nodes.
  • T cells encounter both cognate (antigen-presenting) and non-cognate APCs, alongside risks of degradation and lymph node exit.
  • Understanding T cell-APC interactions is crucial for deciphering immune response initiation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a quantitative framework for T cell activation within the lymph node.
  • To analyze the probability and timing of T cell activation considering various biological factors.
  • To investigate the role of kinetic proofreading in enhancing T cell specificity.

Main Methods:

  • A stochastic model using a multistage Markov chain to represent T cell-APC interactions.
  • Integration of T cell diffusion, APC abundance, T cell death, and lymph node exit into a quantitative framework.
  • Analysis of a system of partial differential equations under specific boundary conditions, employing first-passage time theory.

Main Results:

  • Calculated the probability of successful T cell activation in the presence of interfering factors.
  • Determined the mean first-passage time to T cell activation.
  • Demonstrated that kinetic proofreading significantly enhances specificity towards cognate APCs.

Conclusions:

  • The developed model provides fundamental insights into the onset of adaptive immunity.
  • Kinetic proofreading is identified as a key mechanism for improving T cell recognition specificity.
  • The framework allows for the estimation of spatio-temporal parameters influencing T cell activation.