Research Progress on MOF-Based Biomimetic Nanoplatforms for Tumor Theranostics

Cancer, as a disease with high recurrence rates, high mortality, invasiveness, and a propensity for metastasis, poses a significant threat to global health. Severe side effects, poor targeting, and low therapeutic precision often limit conventional therapies, such as chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and surgery. In recent years, biomimetic nanoplatforms based on metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have emerged as promising tools for tumor theranostics. These platforms exhibit outstanding properties, including high specific surface area, tunable porosity, multifunctionality, ease of modification, high drug-loading capacity, superior targeting, immune evasion, and biodegradability. Despite these advantages, challenges such as limited thermal stability, potential toxicity, and difficulties in controlled release remain. This review systematically summarizes recent advances in the construction and functionalization of MOF-based biomimetic nanoplatforms for both single-modal and multimodal tumor therapies, including chemotherapy, radiotherapy, photodynamic therapy, sonodynamic therapy, immunotherapy, and chemodynamic therapy. Additionally, their applications in tumor diagnosis via various imaging modalities, such as optical, magnetic resonance, photoacoustic, and single-photon emission computed tomography, are discussed. Finally, we outline the current challenges and future perspectives for the clinical translation of MOF-based nanoplatforms, emphasizing intelligent targeting, multimodal integration, and personalized therapeutic strategies.