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Thylakoids are membrane-bound sac-like structures within the chloroplast that serve as sites for photosynthesis. Thylakoid lumen contains many electron transport proteins and is enclosed by a thylakoid membrane rich in the light-harvesting complex. Proteins targeted to the thylakoids are transported as precursors and are sorted by the general TOC/TIC import pathway. Once the precursor reaches the stroma, stromal processing peptidases remove their transit signal and expose thylakoid signal...
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Polyrotaxanes Send Shuttling Signals.

Xinlin Jiang1,2, Yuting Tan2, Guangsong Xie3

  • 1Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, Guangzhou Red Cross Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510220, China.

Journal of the American Chemical Society
|November 19, 2025
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Scientists engineered a novel molecular machine platform using polyrotaxanes to control cell signaling. This dynamic presentation of molecules precisely directs T cell differentiation, enhancing therapeutic outcomes and revealing molecular motion

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Synthetic Biology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Intercellular communication is vital for biological processes and artificial life systems.
  • Precise control of molecular signaling in synthetic environments is challenging.
  • Understanding how cells respond to dynamic molecular presentations is key.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a molecular platform mimicking intercellular communication.
  • To investigate the role of molecular dynamics in cell signaling and fate determination.
  • To enhance therapeutic efficacy through controlled T cell differentiation.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a polyrotaxane-based molecular machine platform.
  • Engineered a mechanically interlocked network to regulate signaling ligand shuttling.
  • Investigated T cell differentiation and in vivo therapeutic efficacy.
  • Conducted mechanistic studies on T cell sensing and signal transduction.

Main Results:

  • The platform dynamically presented signaling ligands, mimicking intercellular communication.
  • Controlled T cell differentiation and significantly improved therapeutic efficacy in vivo.
  • Demonstrated that T cells sense and transduce dynamic molecular motions into distinct intracellular responses.
  • Identical ligands produced divergent cellular outcomes based on their molecular dynamics.

Conclusions:

  • Molecular motion is a critical determinant of intercellular signaling.
  • The polyrotaxane platform provides a framework for engineering artificial dynamic systems.
  • Precisely controlling cell fate through molecular machine principles opens new therapeutic avenues.