The myth of pandemic preparedness: persistent gaps in global readiness for Disease X

Recent outbreaks of H5N1 avian influenza have exposed persistent weaknesses in global pandemic preparedness. Despite scientific advances, surveillance remains fragmented, hospital surge capacity is declining, and frontline workers continue to face inadequate protection. In low-income settings, delayed outbreak detection - exemplified by cholera in Sudan and mpox in central Africa - reflects ongoing gaps in diagnostic access and communication infrastructure. These challenges are compounded by geopolitical instability, fragile supply chains, and a lack of transparent, sustained investment in preparedness. While emerging tools like artificial intelligence offer promise for early warning and response, their impact depends on equitable integration across health systems. Rather than addressing pandemic threats through fragmented national strategies, a shift toward coordinated, inclusive global action is urgently needed. This Commentary highlights key vulnerabilities and proposes strategies to strengthen collective readiness for future infectious disease emergencies - emphasizing that pandemic preparedness is not solely a scientific issue, but a political and moral imperative.