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Related Concept Videos

Joule-Thomson Effect01:21

Joule-Thomson Effect

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The Joule-Thomson effect, also known as the Joule-Kelvin effect, describes the temperature change of a fluid when it is forced through a valve or porous plug while keeping it in a thermally insulated environment. This experiment is called a throttling process. This is an important effect widely used in refrigeration and the liquefaction of gases.
This experiment forces high-pressure gas through a throttle valve or a porous plug to a lower-pressure region. The gas expands as it passes through to...
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Mechanism of heat transfer01:19

Mechanism of heat transfer

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Understanding heat transfer mechanisms is essential for understanding how our bodies maintain balance in different environmental conditions. When the environment is thermoneutral, the body is in a state of balance, neither using nor releasing energy to maintain its core temperature. However, when the environment is not thermoneutral, the body employs four heat transfer mechanisms to maintain homeostasis: conduction, convection, evaporation, and radiation. These mechanisms facilitate heat...
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Mechanisms of Heat Transfer II01:20

Mechanisms of Heat Transfer II

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In convection, thermal energy is carried by the large-scale flow of matter. Ocean currents and large-scale atmospheric circulation, which result from the buoyancy of warm air and water, transfer hot air from the tropics toward the poles and cold air from the poles toward the tropics. The Earth’s rotation interacts with those flows, causing the observed eastward flow of air in the temperate zones. Convection dominates heat transfer by air, and the amount of available space for the airflow...
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Mechanisms of Heat Transfer01:14

Mechanisms of Heat Transfer

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Heat transfer between the human body and its environment occurs through four main mechanisms: conduction, convection, radiation, and evaporation.
Conduction, accounting for approximately 3% of body heat loss at rest, is the process of exchanging heat between molecules of two materials in direct contact. This can result in both heat loss and gain. For instance, when the body is submerged in water, which conducts heat 20 times more effectively than air, it can either lose or gain significant...
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Mechanisms of Heat Transfer I01:14

Mechanisms of Heat Transfer I

5.9K
Just as interesting as the effects of heat transfer on a system are the methods by which the heat transfer occur. Whenever there is a temperature difference, heat transfer occurs. It may occur rapidly, such as through a cooking pan, or slowly, such as through the walls of a picnic ice box. So many processes involve heat transfer that it is hard to imagine a situation where no heat transfer occurs. Yet, every heat transfer takes place by only three methods: conduction, convection, and radiation.
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Thermal and Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Overview01:26

Thermal and Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Overview

2.9K
Electrocyclic reactions are reversible reactions. They involve an intramolecular cyclization or ring-opening of a conjugated polyene. Shown below are two examples of electrocyclic reactions. In the first reaction, the formation of the cyclic product is favored. In contrast, in the second reaction, ring-opening is favored due to the high ring strain associated with cyclobutene formation.
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Updated: Jan 10, 2026

Asymmetric Thermoelectrochemical Cell for Harvesting Low-grade Heat under Isothermal Operation
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Flash Joule Heating: A Transformative Non-Equilibrium Strategy for Next-Generation Advanced Materials.

Jiawei Xiao1, Yun Chen1, Liang Cheng1

  • 1State Key Laboratory of Precision Electronic Manufacturing Technology and Equipment, School of Electromechanical Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China.

Small Methods
|November 20, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Flash Joule heating (FJH) offers a rapid, energy-efficient method for synthesizing advanced materials. This technique enables precise control over material properties and opens new avenues for waste valorization and environmental solutions.

Keywords:
application diversityelectrothermal couplingflash Joule heatingnon‐equilibrium synthesisrapid processing mechanisms

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Chemical Engineering
  • Thermodynamics

Background:

  • Conventional high-temperature synthesis methods are energy-intensive and slow.
  • Limited control over metastable phase formation hinders advanced material development.
  • Flash Joule heating (FJH) presents a novel, ultrafast synthesis approach.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the fundamental principles and reactor configurations of FJH.
  • To elucidate the mechanisms of structure reconstruction during FJH processing.
  • To highlight FJH's advantages and challenges in materials engineering and sustainability.

Main Methods:

  • Application of short-duration, high-intensity electrical pulses (<10s, >2000 W).
  • Utilizing ultrafast heating and cooling rates (>10^2–10^5 K s^-1).
  • Achieving peak temperatures up to 3,500 °C with near 100% energy efficiency.

Main Results:

  • FJH creates non-equilibrium conditions for rapid material transformation.
  • Enables synthesis of diverse carbon-based and inorganic materials.
  • Facilitates tunable compositions, multiscale architectures, and defect engineering.

Conclusions:

  • FJH is a sustainable and scalable platform for advanced materials manufacturing.
  • Demonstrates significant potential in waste valorization and environmental remediation.
  • Addressing key challenges is crucial for FJH's widespread adoption in materials engineering.