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Related Concept Videos

Ionic Bonds00:42

Ionic Bonds

127.5K
Overview
When atoms gain or lose electrons to achieve a more stable electron configuration they form ions. Ionic bonds are electrostatic attractions between ions with opposite charges. Ionic compounds are rigid and brittle when solid and may dissociate into their constituent ions in water. Covalent compounds, by contrast, remain intact unless a chemical reaction breaks them.
Opposing Charges Hold Ions Together in Ionic Compounds
Ionic bonds are reversible electrostatic interactions between ions...
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Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer02:48

Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer

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Ions are atoms or molecules bearing an electrical charge. A cation (a positive ion) forms when a neutral atom loses one or more electrons from its valence shell, and an anion (a negative ion) forms when a neutral atom gains one or more electrons in its valence shell. Compounds composed of ions are called ionic compounds (or salts), and their constituent ions are held together by ionic bonds: electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely charged cations and anions. 
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Interfacial Electrochemical Methods: Overview01:06

Interfacial Electrochemical Methods: Overview

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Interfacial electrochemical methods focus on the phenomena occurring at the boundary between an electrode and a solution, as opposed to bulk methods that concentrate on the solution's overall properties. These interfacial methods are classified as either static or dynamic based on the presence of a nonzero current in the electrochemical cell and the consistency of analyte concentrations. Static methods, such as potentiometry, measure the cell's potential without any significant current...
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Ion Exchange01:17

Ion Exchange

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Ion exchange chromatography separates charged molecules from a solution by reversibly exchanging them with mobile, or 'active', ions associated with the oppositely charged stationary phase. This method can be used to separate ions, soften and deionize water, and purify solutions. The polymers comprising the ion-exchange column are high-molecular-weight and chemically stable polymers, crosslinked to be porous and essentially insoluble. They are also functionalized with either acidic or...
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Ionic Crystal Structures02:42

Ionic Crystal Structures

16.8K
Ionic crystals consist of two or more different kinds of ions that usually have different sizes. The packing of these ions into a crystal structure is more complex than the packing of metal atoms that are the same size.
Most monatomic ions behave as charged spheres, and their attraction for ions of opposite charge is the same in every direction. Consequently, stable structures for ionic compounds result (1) when ions of one charge are surrounded by as many ions as possible of the opposite...
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Formation of Complex Ions03:45

Formation of Complex Ions

25.6K
A type of Lewis acid-base chemistry involves the formation of a complex ion (or a coordination complex) comprising a central atom, typically a transition metal cation, surrounded by ions or molecules called ligands. These ligands can be neutral molecules like H2O or NH3, or ions such as CN− or OH−. Often, the ligands act as Lewis bases, donating a pair of electrons to the central atom. These types of Lewis acid-base reactions are examples of a broad subdiscipline called coordination...
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Characterization of Electrode Materials for Lithium Ion and Sodium Ion Batteries Using Synchrotron Radiation Techniques
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Interfacial Orbital Hybridization Derived Robust Cathode-Electrolyte Interphase Enables Exceptional Sodium-Ion

Qingbing Xia1, Cheng-Lin Ko1,2, Yameng Fan3

  • 1School of Mechanical and Mining Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.

ACS Nano
|November 20, 2025
PubMed
Summary

We developed a robust sulfur-containing cathode-electrolyte interphase (S-CEI) for sodium-ion batteries by using orbital hybridization. This S-CEI strongly adheres to iron-based Prussian blue analog cathodes, significantly improving battery stability and performance.

Keywords:
Prussian blue analogscathode-electrolyte interphasecathodesorbital hybridizationphase transition suppressionsodium-ion batteries

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Electrochemistry
  • Battery Technology

Background:

  • Cathode-electrolyte interphases (CEIs) are critical for battery performance.
  • Conventional CEIs exhibit poor adhesion to cathodes, especially those with volume fluctuations.
  • Iron-based Prussian blue analogs (FePB) are promising cathode materials for sodium-ion batteries but suffer from structural instability.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To engineer a robust and strongly adhering CEI on FePB cathodes for sodium-ion batteries.
  • To investigate the mechanism of CEI formation and stabilization via interfacial orbital hybridization.
  • To evaluate the electrochemical performance and cycling stability of the modified FePB cathodes.

Main Methods:

  • Construction of a sulfur-containing CEI (S-CEI) using 1-propene 1,3-sultone (PS) on FePB cathodes.
  • X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy and density functional theory (DFT) calculations to study interfacial orbital hybridization.
  • Cryogenic transmission electron microscopy (Cryo-TEM) and in situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction (XRD) to analyze CEI integrity and structural changes.

Main Results:

  • Interfacial orbital hybridization between Fe 3d and O sp2 orbitals triggers in situ formation of a uniform S-CEI rich in RSO3Na species.
  • The S-CEI strongly coordinates with surface Fe centers, enhancing adhesion and stabilizing the FePB lattice.
  • The FePB@S-CEI cathode shows suppressed phase transitions, reduced volume fluctuation, and achieves 0.013% capacity loss per cycle over 1500 cycles at 1C.

Conclusions:

  • The developed S-CEI effectively anchors to the FePB cathode through orbital hybridization, preventing degradation during cycling.
  • The FePB@S-CEI demonstrates excellent cycling stability, high rate capability, and wide operating temperature range.
  • This study presents a general strategy for designing robust CEIs via interfacial orbital hybridization for advanced battery applications.