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Content and Readability Analysis of Patient-Reported Outcome Measures for Gynecomastia: A Systematic Review
John R Vaile, Holly Cordray1, Peyton H Terry1
1University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA.
Annals of Plastic Surgery
|November 20, 2025
Summary
Patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) for gynecomastia often lack comprehensive content and readability. This review highlights the need for a new, accessible PROM to better assess patient outcomes and improve quality of life.
Area of Science:
- Medical and Surgical Research
- Patient-Reported Outcomes
- Health-Related Quality of Life
Background:
- Gynecomastia affects 65% of males, impacting quality of life and psychosocial well-being.
- While many cases resolve spontaneously, persistent symptoms may require surgical intervention.
- Patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) are crucial for evaluating treatment success in gynecomastia care.
Purpose of the Study:
- To systematically identify and analyze existing PROMs for gynecomastia patients.
- To assess the content coverage and readability of current PROMs.
- To identify gaps in existing PROMs for assessing patient outcomes.
Main Methods:
- Systematic review following PRISMA guidelines across four databases (PubMed, EMBASE, CINAHL, Scopus).
- Content analysis of 908 PROM items across five domains: objective appearance, self-perception, HRQOL, social outcomes, and intervention satisfaction.
- Readability assessment using Simple Measure of Gobbledygook and Flesch-Kincaid indices.
Main Results:
- 22 studies and 23 unique PROMs were identified.
- Existing PROMs adequately address objective appearance and self-perception but show significant gaps in HRQOL and social outcomes.
- Readability of most PROMs exceeds recommended grade levels for the general population.
Conclusions:
- Current PROMs for gynecomastia have limitations in content and accessibility.
- There is a clear need for a new, comprehensive, and readable gynecomastia-specific PROM.
- An improved PROM is essential for accurately evaluating patient experiences and outcomes across all age groups.
Keywords:
gynecomastiamastectomypatient-reported outcome measurepediatric surgerypsychologyquality of lifeMore Related Videos
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