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Related Experiment Video

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Author Spotlight: An Automated Method for Assessing Visual Acuity in Infants and Toddlers Using an Eye-Tracking System

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A Novel Eye Tracking-Based Gamified Assessment of Contrast Sensitivity Function in Children: Prospective Development

Yunsi He¹, Yijing Zhuang¹, Lei Feng¹

¹State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, 54 Xianlie South Road, Guangzhou, 510060, China, 86 020 8733 0351.

JMIR Serious Games

|November 20, 2025

Summary

A novel eye tracking-based gamified contrast sensitivity function (ETGCSF) tool offers reliable and efficient visual function assessment in young children. This child-centered approach significantly reduces testing time while maintaining high accuracy for contrast sensitivity function (CSF) evaluation.

Keywords:

contrast sensitivity function eye tracking gamified testing pediatric vision assessment test–retest reliability

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A Method to Quantify Visual Information Processing in Children Using Eye Tracking

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Published on: July 9, 2016

Area of Science:

Ophthalmology and Visual Science
Pediatric Optometry
Human-Computer Interaction

Background:

Assessing visual function in young children presents challenges due to the lack of objective and adaptable tools.
Contrast sensitivity function (CSF) is a critical indicator of visual performance, but current pediatric methods are often subjective.
A novel eye tracking-based gamified contrast sensitivity function (ETGCSF) tool was developed to address these limitations.

Purpose of the Study:

To establish the feasibility and test-retest reliability of the ETGCSF tool in preschool-aged children (3-6 years).
To evaluate if adaptive algorithms and enhanced gamification improve test efficiency without compromising reliability.

Main Methods:

Prospective study with 80 Chinese children aged 3-6 years, divided into two sequential cohorts.
Experiment 1 utilized the baseline ETGCSF protocol; Experiment 2 employed an optimized protocol with adaptive algorithms and gamification.
Primary outcomes included the test-retest reliability of the area under the log contrast sensitivity function curve (AULCSF) and CSF acuity, measured via intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs).

Main Results:

The baseline ETGCSF tool demonstrated strong reliability (ICCs for AULCSF and CSF acuity were 0.890).
The optimized ETGCSF protocol significantly reduced median test duration by 50% (from 482 to 241 seconds, P<.001).
The optimized protocol maintained comparable reliability (ICCs of 0.851 for AULCSF and 0.832 for CSF acuity) and showed no significant difference from the baseline protocol.

Conclusions:

The ETGCSF tool provides a paradigm shift in pediatric visual assessment, offering an objective, engaging, and reliable method for evaluating CSF.
Optimization significantly enhanced test efficiency, making the ETGCSF tool a promising solution for clinical practice and research.
The tool's modular design allows for future adaptations, including rapid screening and comprehensive CSF profiling.