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Rheumatic Heart Disease I: Introduction01:23

Rheumatic Heart Disease I: Introduction

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Rheumatic heart disease or RHD is a chronic condition that results from rheumatic fever, causing permanent damage to the heart valves.Etiology and Risk FactorsIt primarily arises from rheumatic fever, an inflammatory disease that can develop after untreated or inadequately treated group A streptococcal (GAS) pharyngitis. Streptococcus spreads through direct contact with oral or respiratory secretions. While the bacteria are the causative agents, factors like malnutrition, overcrowding, poor...
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Rheumatic Heart Disease IV: Nursing Management01:20

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AssessmentA comprehensive assessment is essential in managing a patient with rheumatic heart disease (RHD). Begin with obtaining a detailed medical history, including recent streptococcal infections, a history of rheumatic fever, or previously diagnosed rheumatic heart disease. Assess the patient for symptoms such as fever, chest pain, widespread joint pain (arthralgia), tachycardia, pericardial friction rub, muffled heart sounds, heart murmurs, peripheral edema, subcutaneous nodules, and...
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Factors Affecting the Risk of Infection01:26

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The hosts' susceptibility to infection depends on several factors. The integrity of the skin and mucous membranes helps protect the body against microbial attacks. When the skin is altered, the chance of infection, limb loss, and even death increases.
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Rheumatic Heart Disease II: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Studies01:22

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The key clinical manifestations of Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) include several distinct cardiac symptoms.Carditis, a hallmark of acute rheumatic fever, involves inflammation of the heart's endocardium, myocardium, and pericardium. Chronic RHD often results from recurrent episodes of carditis. Its symptoms include the following:Murmurs are caused by valvular damage, especially to the mitral and aortic valves. Mitral stenosis or regurgitation is common, with characteristic heart murmurs...
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Genome-wide association studies or GWAS are used to identify whether common SNPs are associated with certain diseases. Suppose specific SNPs are more frequently observed in individuals with a particular disease than those without the disease. In that case, those SNPs are said to be associated with the disease. Chi-square analysis is performed to check the probability of the allele likely to be associated with the disease.
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Rheumatic Heart Disease III: Medical Management01:21

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Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) management can be divided into two main strategies: prevention and long-term management.Primary PreventionPrimary prevention focuses on timely diagnosis and management of group A streptococcal pharyngitis to prevent acute rheumatic fever. The most widely used antibiotic for treating this condition is intramuscular benzathine penicillin G.Acute Rheumatic Fever TreatmentThe primary treatment goal for a patient diagnosed with acute rheumatic fever is to suppress the...
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Emerging and Expanding Infections due to Climate Change of Concern to Rheumatologists.

Jan C Semenza1, Daniele Provenzano2

  • 1Department of Epidemiology and Global Health, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden; Heidelberg Institute of Global Health, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.

Rheumatic Diseases Clinics of North America
|November 20, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Climate change exacerbates infectious diseases, including vector-borne, waterborne, and foodborne illnesses. Arboviruses, driven by climate change and global factors, show a strong link to rheumatic diseases, posing a growing public health threat.

Keywords:
ArbovirusesArthritogenic virusesClimate changeInfectious diseasesRheumatic diseasesVector-borne diseases

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental science
  • Epidemiology
  • Rheumatology

Background:

  • Climate change is altering the global distribution and incidence of infectious diseases.
  • Environmental shifts, including temperature and precipitation changes, impact disease transmission.
  • Individual vulnerabilities interact with environmental factors to influence disease risk.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To examine the multifaceted impact of climate change on infectious and rheumatic diseases.
  • To identify specific infectious agents linked to rheumatic conditions.
  • To assess the role of arboviruses in the context of climate change and global health.

Main Methods:

  • Review of scientific literature on climate change and disease patterns.
  • Analysis of associations between environmental factors and disease outbreaks.
  • Evaluation of the link between arboviruses and rheumatic diseases.

Main Results:

  • Rising temperatures and altered weather patterns increase vector-borne illnesses.
  • Extreme precipitation and extended summers correlate with waterborne and foodborne disease outbreaks, respectively.
  • Arboviruses demonstrate the strongest association with rheumatic conditions and are poised for wider proliferation.

Conclusions:

  • Climate change is a significant driver of infectious disease dynamics globally.
  • Arboviruses, amplified by climate change and global connectivity, represent a critical emerging threat to public health, particularly concerning rheumatic diseases.