Prostate Cancer Screening: Evolution, Challenges, and Future Directions

Prostate cancer screening has evolved significantly over the past 2 decades. Traditional prostate-specific antigen-based approaches reduced mortality but led to overdiagnosis and overtreatment. Contemporary strategies now integrate risk stratification, multiparametric MRI, biomarkers, and genomics to improve the detection of clinically significant disease while minimizing harm. Landmark trials and emerging evidence support a more personalized approach to screening. This article discusses the historical context, challenges, and future directions of prostate cancer screening, emphasizing innovations that aim to enhance early detection and reduce unnecessary interventions.