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Related Concept Videos

Aldehydes and Ketones with Amines: Imine Formation Mechanism01:23

Aldehydes and Ketones with Amines: Imine Formation Mechanism

8.1K
Imine formation involves the addition of carbonyl compounds to a primary amine. It begins with the generation of carbinolamine through a series of steps involving an initial nucleophilic attack and then several proton transfer reactions. The second part includes the elimination of water, as a leaving group, to give the imine.
Imines are formed under mildly acidic conditions. A pH of 4.5 is ideal for the reaction.
If the pH is low or the solution is too acidic, the reaction slows down in the...
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Aldehydes and Ketones with Amines: Enamine Formation Mechanism01:14

Aldehydes and Ketones with Amines: Enamine Formation Mechanism

7.1K
Enamine formation involves the addition of carbonyl compounds to a secondary amine through a series of reactions. The mechanism begins with the generation of carbinolamine, a nucleophilic attack followed by several proton transfer reactions. The hydroxyl group of the carbinolamine is converted into water to make a better leaving group that can push the reaction forward by eliminating a water molecule. In enamine formation, the last step involves the abstraction of a proton from the α carbon to...
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Aldehydes and Ketones with Amines: Imine and Enamine Formation Overview01:16

Aldehydes and Ketones with Amines: Imine and Enamine Formation Overview

6.1K
Primary amines react with carbonyl compounds—aldehydes and ketones—to generate imines. Imines consist of a C=N double bond and are named Schiff bases after its discoverer—the German chemist Hugo Schiff. On the other hand, secondary amines react with carbonyl compounds to give enamines. In enamines, the presence of a C=C double bond adjacent to the nitrogen atom leads to the delocalization of the lone pair.
6.1K
Diazonium Group Substitution: –OH and –H01:19

Diazonium Group Substitution: –OH and –H

3.2K
Nitrous acid, a weak acid, is prepared in situ via the reaction of sodium nitrite with a strong acid under cold conditions. This nitrous acid prepared in situ reacts with primary arylamines to form arenediazonium salts. Such reactions are known as diazotization reactions. As shown in Figure 1, the formation of arenediazonium salts begins with the decomposition of nitrous acid in an acidic solution to give nitrosonium ions.
3.2K
Preparation of Amides01:29

Preparation of Amides

3.9K
Amides are synthesized by treating carboxylic acids with amines in the presence of dehydrating agents like dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC).
The DCC-promoted synthesis of amides begins with the protonation of DCC by carboxylic acid. The protonation makes it a better acceptor. Next, the addition of carboxylate to the protonated carbodiimide gives a reactive acylating agent.
Subsequently, the amine acts as a nucleophile that attacks the acylating agent to form a tetrahedral intermediate. In the...
3.9K
Carboxylic Acids to Methylesters: Alkylation using Diazomethane01:33

Carboxylic Acids to Methylesters: Alkylation using Diazomethane

2.8K
Carboxylic acids react with diazomethane in an ether solvent via alkylation at the carboxylate oxygen atom to give methyl esters of the corresponding acid with excellent yields.
2.8K

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Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles Supported on Carbon Nanotube with Doped Co and N Atoms and its Catalytic Applications in Hydrogen Production
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Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles Supported on Carbon Nanotube with Doped Co and N Atoms and its Catalytic Applications in Hydrogen Production

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In Situ Amine Formation to Modulate MOF-Derived PdIn N-Doped Carbon Catalysts.

Gonzalo Egea1, Jordan Santiago Martinez1, M Asunción Molina2,3

  • 1Instituto de Tecnología Química, Universitat Politècnica de València-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (UPV-CSIC), Avda. de los Naranjos s/n, Valencia, 46022, Spain.

Advanced Materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)
|November 21, 2025
PubMed
Summary

We developed a new method using Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs) to create advanced palladium-indium (PdIn) catalysts. This approach enhances selectivity and productivity for hydrogenation reactions, offering a modular strategy for catalyst design.

Keywords:
MOF‐derivedalkyne semi‐hydrogenationheterogeneous catalysisintermetallic nanoparticlesnanomaterials characterization

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Catalytic Reactions at Amine-Stabilized and Ligand-Free Platinum Nanoparticles Supported on Titania During Hydrogenation of Alkenes and Aldehydes
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Synthesis and Characterization of Functionalized Metal-organic Frameworks
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Synthesis and Characterization of Functionalized Metal-organic Frameworks

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Catalytic Reactions at Amine-Stabilized and Ligand-Free Platinum Nanoparticles Supported on Titania During Hydrogenation of Alkenes and Aldehydes
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Synthesis and Characterization of Functionalized Metal-organic Frameworks
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Synthesis and Characterization of Functionalized Metal-organic Frameworks

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Catalysis
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs) serve as adaptable precursors for creating advanced catalysts.
  • Developing efficient heteroatom-doped carbon-supported catalysts with controlled structures is crucial for various chemical transformations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present an amine-mediated strategy for synthesizing dispersed Palladium-Indium (PdIn) intermetallic nanoparticles on N-doped carbon from a PdIn-MOF precursor.
  • To elucidate the role of chemical pretreatment and pyrolysis in controlling the formation and properties of these bimetallic catalysts.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a Metal-Organic Framework (MOF) precursor for Palladium-Indium (PdIn) bimetallic nanoparticles.
  • Employed an amine-mediated chemical pretreatment followed by pyrolysis.
  • Characterized materials using advanced techniques like synchrotron X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD).

Main Results:

  • The pretreatment facilitates early Palladium (Pd) nanoparticle formation, influencing subsequent intermetallic alloying during pyrolysis.
  • Amine properties (sterics, basicity) and solvent choice significantly impact nanoparticle size, PdIn ratio, nitrogen doping, and surface area.
  • The synthesized PdIn catalysts demonstrated superior selectivity and productivity in alkyne semihydrogenation compared to commercial catalysts.

Conclusions:

  • Established a modular MOF-derived synthesis for next-generation bimetallic catalysts.
  • Demonstrated the effectiveness of amine-mediated pretreatment in controlling catalyst formation and performance.
  • Highlighted the potential for designing highly selective hydrogenation catalysts through rational MOF precursor design.