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Updated: Jan 10, 2026

Working Memory Training for Older Participants: A Control Group Training Regimen and Initial Intellectual Functioning Assessment
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Cognitive training improves working memory, processing speed, and neural efficiency in multiple sclerosis.

Ryan F O'Donnell1,2, Janet L Shucard1,2, Thomas J Covey1,2

  • 1Division of Cognitive and Behavioral Neurosciences, Department of Neurology, The Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, SUNY University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA.

Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology
|November 21, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Cognitive training, especially working memory (WM) training, improves cognitive function and neural efficiency in people with multiple sclerosis (MS). This training also shows benefits for processing speed (PS) and task transfer.

Keywords:
RT variabilitycognitive variabilityneuroplasticitystandard deviation of RTtraining transfer

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Rehabilitation Science

Background:

  • Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a central nervous system demyelinating disease.
  • Cognitive impairments, particularly in working memory (WM) and processing speed (PS), are prevalent in MS.
  • Cognitive training offers a promising avenue for mitigating these deficits.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the effects of WM and processing speed (PS) training on cognitive tasks in individuals with MS.
  • To assess training effectiveness using behavioral indices of neural efficiency, such as reaction time variability (RT variability).

Main Methods:

  • Forty-three Relapsing-Remitting MS participants were assigned to WM training, Visual Search (VS) training, or a no-training control group.
  • Participants underwent pre- and post-testing assessing WM and VS tasks, measuring accuracy, reaction time (RT), and RT variability.
  • Home-based training was conducted over approximately 4-5 weeks.

Main Results:

  • The WM training group showed significant improvements on the 2-back WM task and demonstrated transfer effects to the VS task.
  • The VS training group improved on the VS task and showed faster RT on the 2-back task.
  • RT variability decreased in training groups, indicating enhanced neural efficiency.

Conclusions:

  • WM training enhances neural efficiency, processing speed, and leads to cross-task transfer in individuals with MS.
  • RT variability serves as a valuable marker for assessing training-induced neural efficiency improvements.