S100B drives glioblastoma invasion and migration through TGF‑β2‑mediated epithelial‑mesenchymal transition

Glioblastoma (GBM), the most common type of primary malignant brain tumor, is characterized by aggressive cancer cells that contribute to infiltrative growth, thus resulting in therapeutic challenges and a poor prognosis. To explore the molecular mechanisms underlying cell motility and to identify therapeutic targets that may intervene in tumor invasion, public databases were used to investigate the S100B expression profile and the prognosis of patients with tumors. The effects of S100B on a GBM cell line were assessed through lentiviral transduction, as well as cell viability, colony formation, 5‑ethynyl‑2'‑deoxyuridine‑based cell proliferation, cross‑scratch, and Transwell migration and invasion assays. In addition, a tumor xenograft model was constructed to analyze tumor growth in vivo. Reverse transcription-quantitative PCR, western blotting and immunofluorescence staining were utilized to explore the molecular biological mechanisms of the TGF‑β2‑induced epithelial‑mesenchymal transition (EMT) in the S100B‑downregulated group. The findings demonstrated that S100B was significantly upregulated in GBM samples and was strongly associated with patient prognosis. In vitro and in vivo experiments confirmed that downregulation of S100B effectively suppressed the proliferation and tumorigenicity, as well as decreased the invasive and migratory capabilities of LN229 glioblastoma cells. Further investigation revealed that the inhibition of S100B resulted in downregulation of TGF‑β2 expression and reversal of the EMT process. Notably, recombinant TGF‑β2 restored the cell motility and EMT capacities attenuated by the downregulation of S100B. In conclusion, the present study revealed that S100B may induce the invasion and migration of GBM cells through TGF‑β2‑induced EMT, providing novel insights and potential therapeutic targets for GBM.