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Fabrication of Carbon-Based Ionic Electromechanically Active Soft Actuators
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Nature-Inspired Janus Actuators with Structurally Engineered PEDOT:PSS.

Hatef Yousefian1, Ali Akbar Isari1, Amin Babaei-Ghazvini2

  • 1Nanomaterials and Polymer Nanocomposites Laboratory, School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada.

Small (Weinheim an Der Bergstrasse, Germany)
|November 21, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed a novel poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) Janus actuator. This high-performance soft actuator achieves large bending deformation with low voltage and minimal heat, overcoming common delamination issues.

Keywords:
PEDOT:PSS Janus filmbilayer soft actuatordual treatmentelectrical conductivityhydrophobicity

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Soft Robotics
  • Polymer Science

Background:

  • Bilayer actuators, inspired by nature, offer programmable shape changes for soft robotics but suffer from delamination, high voltage, and heat.
  • Existing poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) actuators face challenges in interfacial stability and performance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a high-performance, stable bilayer actuator using PEDOT:PSS.
  • To overcome interfacial delamination and improve electro-thermo-mechanical response in soft actuators.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of a PEDOT:PSS Janus actuator using a novel dual treatment approach (solvent doping and acid post-treatment).
  • Engineering a seamless interface between hydrophobic-treated conductive and hydrophilic untreated semiconductive layers.
  • Characterization of conductivity contrast, bending deformation, and durability under various stimuli.

Main Results:

  • Achieved a significant conductivity contrast (≈2000 S cm-1) between the Janus layers, eliminating delamination.
  • Demonstrated large, reversible bending curvature (2.4 to 3.4 cm-1) at low operating voltages (2 to 6 V) with minimal heating (≈5 °C).
  • Exhibited excellent durability over 2,400 actuation cycles.

Conclusions:

  • The developed dual-treatment strategy enables a scalable and energy-efficient design for high-performance soft actuators.
  • This PEDOT:PSS Janus actuator platform is promising for next-generation soft robotics, adaptive materials, and intelligent sensing systems.
  • The seamless interface design effectively addresses delamination issues in bilayer actuators.