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Synthesizing a Gel Polymer Electrolyte for Supercapacitors, Assembling a Supercapacitor Using a Coin Cell, and Measuring Gel Electrolyte Performance
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Gelatin-Based Freeze-Resistant Hydrogel Supercapacitors with Oriented Porous Structure.

Wenlong Zhang1, Hui Jie Zhang1, Linbin Li1

  • 1College of Bioresources Chemical and Materials Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science &Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710021, China.

Small (Weinheim an Der Bergstrasse, Germany)
|November 21, 2025
PubMed
Summary

This study presents a flexible, freeze-resistant supercapacitor using a gelatin hydrogel with an oriented porous structure. This design significantly boosts areal capacity and maintains performance in cold temperatures.

Keywords:
all‐in‐one supercapacitordirectional freezingflexible electronicgelatinhydrogel

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Electrochemistry
  • Energy Storage

Background:

  • All-in-one hydrogel-based supercapacitors require high capacity, mechanical flexibility, and anti-freezing properties.
  • Existing designs often compromise these critical characteristics.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a mechanically flexible, freeze-resistant, all-in-one hydrogel-based supercapacitor with enhanced areal capacity.
  • To investigate the role of an oriented porous structure in improving supercapacitor performance.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of a gelatin-based hydrogel electrolyte using a facile gelation-directional-freezing process.
  • In situ polymerization of polypyrrole (PPy) onto the hydrogel electrolyte to create the all-in-one supercapacitor.
  • Incorporation of a glycerol/water binary solvent for anti-freezing properties.

Main Results:

  • The oriented porous structure significantly improved ionic conductivity and electrode-electrolyte interaction, leading to 3.5 times higher areal capacitance compared to non-oriented structures.
  • The supercapacitor demonstrated excellent capacitance retention (77.2%) at -23 °C.
  • The device maintained performance after 100 cycles of mechanical stress (stretching, compression, bending).

Conclusions:

  • The oriented porous structure in gelatin hydrogels is a highly effective strategy for enhancing supercapacitor performance.
  • The developed supercapacitor exhibits promising anti-freezing properties, mechanical flexibility, and structural stability for practical applications.
  • This work paves the way for advanced flexible and wearable energy storage devices.