Training intensity distribution for sprinter swimmers: suggestions for swimming coaches and scientists

The inclusion of the 50 m butterfly, backstroke, and breaststroke events in the 2028 Olympic Games is likely to influence training methodologies and performance trajectories, considering that in competitive swimming, coaches already implement different training approaches for sprinter swimmers. This study examines whether elite sprint specialists, particularly those specializing in 50 m events, should prioritize high-intensity interval training (HIIT) over the traditionally dominant overdistance training models. The discussion aims to inform coaches and researchers about evolving approaches to sprint training and guide future research on intensity distribution in sprint swimming. There is a clear distinction in energy system demands between sprint events: the 50 m event has an aerobic contribution of approximately 20%, while in the 100 m event, the aerobic contribution can rise to around 40-50%. Despite the high anaerobic demands of the 50 m, many coaches continue to implement a Polarized Training Intensity Distribution (TID), characterized by a significant proportion of aerobic training. Based on recent developments in sprint swimming and some aspects of current literature support for the potential benefits of a greater emphasis on HIIT, assisted sprints, and overspeed training, along with earlier and more targeted specialization for sprinters, and an increased emphasis on dryland strength and conditioning. Nevertheless, further studies are needed to examine the efficacy of different TID approaches, particularly for elite athletes specializing exclusively in the 50 m distance.