Myelinated fiber labeling and orientation mapping of the human brain with light-sheet fluorescence microscopy

The convoluted network of myelinated fibers that supports behavior, cognition, and sensory processing in the human brain is the source of its extraordinary complexity. Advancements in tissue optical clearing, 3D fluorescence microscopy, and automated image analysis have enabled unprecedented insights into the architecture of these networks. Here, we investigate the multiscale organization of myelinated fibers in human brain tissue from the brainstem, Broca's area, hippocampus, and primary visual cortex by exploiting a specific fiber staining method, light-sheet fluorescence microscopy (LSFM), and an advanced spatial orientation analysis tool. Using an optimized protocol that integrates tissue clearing with the lipophilic DiD probe to achieve uniform and deep myelinated fiber labeling, we generate micrometer-resolution volumetric reconstructions of multiple brain regions through an inverted LSFM. Automated image processing, employing unsupervised 3D multiscale Frangi filters, provides orientation distribution functions and local orientation dispersion maps. This enables precise characterization of the directionality of white matter bundles, linking mesoscopic structural properties to orientation details computed at the native micrometric resolution of the LSFM apparatus. The presented workflow illustrates a robust platform for large-scale, high-resolution brain mapping, which may facilitate the investigation of pathological alterations with unparalleled spatial resolution and, furthermore, the validation of other neuroimaging modalities.