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Fabrication of Ti3C2 MXene Microelectrode Arrays for In Vivo Neural Recording
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High-Performance Magnetically Actuated MXene-Based Microelectrodes for Epineural Interfacing.

Brayden Davis1,2, Zeka Chen3, Anran Zhang4

  • 1Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, North Carolina State University & University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States.

ACS Applied Bio Materials
|November 21, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces a magnetically actuated robotic spinal cord probe (RSCP) using a novel composite material. The RSCP offers a minimally invasive solution to reduce interfacial impedance for spinal cord injury (SCI) treatment.

Keywords:
MXenesmagnetic actuationneural interfacingsoft magnetic roboticsspinal cord stimulation

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Materials Science
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • Spinal cord interfaces are crucial for restoring motor function after spinal cord injury (SCI).
  • Current spinal cord interface designs face challenges balancing invasiveness and interfacial impedance.
  • Minimally invasive approaches are needed to improve therapeutic outcomes for SCI.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a magnetically actuated robotic spinal cord probe (RSCP) to overcome the invasiveness-impedance trade-off.
  • To create a novel composite material (MxP) for enhanced electrode performance and biocompatibility.
  • To evaluate the in vivo performance and biocompatibility of the RSCP for potential SCI treatment.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of a composite material (MxP) from MXene and PEDOT:PSS integrated with a magnetic elastomer (ME) substrate.
  • Magnetic actuation of the RSCP for controlled positioning and conformity to spinal cord anatomy.
  • Impedance measurements, electrochemical stability tests, and in vivo biocompatibility assessment (immunohistochemistry) in mice.

Main Results:

  • Magnetic actuation achieved >5 mm deflection, enabling spinal cord contouring.
  • Magnetic positioning significantly reduced interfacial impedance by up to 27% (5-5000 Hz).
  • MxP electrodes exhibited superior electrochemical stability over 21 days, with minimal in vivo gliosis and microglial activation.

Conclusions:

  • Magnetically actuated RSCPs offer a promising solution to the invasiveness-impedance trade-off in spinal cord interfaces.
  • The developed MxP material demonstrates enhanced stability and biocompatibility.
  • This technology provides a foundation for improved therapeutic strategies for spinal cord injury recovery.