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Novel imaging solution to quantify, evaluate and compare gunshot residue patterns.

Michael A Kusluski1, Malcolm Hreben2, Rachel S Bolton-King3

  • 1Forensic Science Program, 325A Whitmore Laboratory Building, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.

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|November 22, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A new quantifiable method using a modified flatbed scanner effectively compares gunshot residue (GSR) patterns. This spectroscopic technique offers a non-destructive alternative to traditional tests, enhancing forensic analysis and pattern comparison.

Keywords:
BulletCartridgeFirearm Discharge ResidueForensic ComparisonImpact Damage

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Area of Science:

  • Forensic Science
  • Analytical Chemistry
  • Spectroscopy

Background:

  • Gunshot residue (GSR) analysis is vital for reconstructing shooting incidents.
  • Existing chemographic methods (e.g., Modified Griess, Sodium Rhodizonate) are destructive, hazardous, and lack quantifiability.
  • A need exists for a non-destructive, quantifiable method for GSR pattern comparison.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present the proof-of-principle for a novel, quantifiable method for comparing GSR patterns.
  • To evaluate the performance of a flatbed scanner modified for blue-green fluorescence (BGF) and infrared reflectance (IR) modes.
  • To assess the influence of ammunition brand and fabric characteristics on GSR pattern contrast.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a modified flatbed scanner operating in BGF (450 nm excitation/630 nm barrier) and IR (850 nm) modes.
  • Employed the Weber-contrast method to quantify GSR patterns on various fabric types and colors.
  • Evaluated 9 mm Luger ammunition brands and 248 representative fabric swatches.

Main Results:

  • Unenhanced Weber contrast varied from 0.28 to 0.85 across ammunition brands on cotton fabric.
  • Enhanced contrast achieved suitable levels for 92% (BGF) and 91% (IR) of evaluated swatches.
  • Median enhanced Weber contrast values were 10.3 (BGF) and 4.83 (IR), significantly exceeding the human visual perception threshold (~0.1).

Conclusions:

  • The modified spectroscopic scanner provides a quantifiable and non-destructive method for comparing GSR patterns.
  • This technique demonstrates significant potential as a comparison tool in forensic practice and research.
  • Further studies will explore its application in estimating muzzle-to-target distances.