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Translational Regulation01:29

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Translational regulation in prokaryotes ensures efficient protein synthesis by controlling ribosome access to mRNA. This regulation is mediated by secondary RNA structures, including translational riboswitches, RNA thermometers, and small RNAs (sRNAs), which respond to intracellular and environmental signals to modulate gene expression.Translational RiboswitchesRiboswitches in the leader region of mRNAs can regulate translation by altering the accessibility of the Shine-Dalgarno (SD) sequence,...
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In Silico Identification and Characterization of circRNAs During Host-Pathogen Interactions
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Translatable circular RNAs: Mechanism, function and clinical application.

Zhenxing Song1, Min Zhou2, Jiamei Lin1

  • 1School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China.

International Journal of Biological Macromolecules
|November 22, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Circular RNAs (circRNAs) can be translated into proteins independently of the usual mRNA cap. These circRNA-encoded proteins are key players in gene regulation and human diseases, offering therapeutic potential.

Keywords:
Gene therapyHigher-order RNA structureTrans-acting factorsTranslatable circRNAVaccine developmentcis-acting RNA elements

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Circular RNAs (circRNAs) possess unique translational capabilities distinct from linear mRNAs.
  • Their covalently closed structure enables cap-independent translation initiation.
  • circRNA-encoded proteins are implicated as critical regulators in human diseases.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically review the mechanisms of cap-independent translation initiation in circRNAs.
  • To summarize the roles and molecular mechanisms of translatable circRNAs in various diseases.
  • To highlight the therapeutic potential of circRNAs in gene therapy and vaccine development.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on circRNA translation.
  • Analysis of cis-regulatory elements, trans-acting factors, and RNA structures involved in circRNA translation.
  • Synthesis of data on the role of circRNA-encoded proteins in disease pathogenesis.

Main Results:

  • Identified multiple mechanisms for cap-independent translation initiation of circRNAs.
  • Detailed the involvement of circRNA-encoded proteins in disease initiation and progression.
  • Demonstrated the significant regulatory roles of circRNAs in gene expression.

Conclusions:

  • Translatable circRNAs are crucial regulators of gene expression with significant roles in human diseases.
  • The unique translational mechanisms of circRNAs present promising opportunities for RNA-based therapeutics.
  • circRNAs represent a major focus in current biomedical research due to their multifunctional potential.