Artificial intelligence in HPB surgery: a narrative review on technological advances and imperatives for ethical...

hepatobiliary and pancreatic (HPB) surgery remains one of the most complex fields in oncology, marked by intricate anatomy, high complication rates, and the need for seamless multidisciplinary coordination.

Artificial intelligence (AI), when ethically implemented and coupled with an understanding of human factors, has the potential toto improve surgical safety, precision, and personalization.

this narrative review integrates clinical evidence, technological innovation, and conceptual insights to examine the current role and future promise of AI in HPB surgery-from preoperative planning and intraoperative guidance to postoperative surveillance, surgical training, and ethical considerations.

We highlight gaps in the literature, explore real-world and emerging tools, and propose directions for safe and meaningful AI integration into the HPB surgical ecosystem. In this evolving paradigm, surgeons are not replaced but augmented-better informed, more precise, and more resilient against avoidable harm.