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Ion-Exchange Membranes for the Fabrication of Reverse Electrodialysis Device
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Embossing-Free Permeate Carrier for Ultrahigh Pressure Reverse Osmosis.

Jishan Wu1,2,3, Minhao Xiao4, Xinlin Wang2,3

  • 1Rice WaTER Institute, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States.

Environmental Science & Technology
|November 24, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Ultrahigh-pressure reverse osmosis (UHPRO) for membrane brine concentration (MBC) can damage standard membranes. An innovative embossing-free permeate carrier (EFPC) prevents this damage, enabling efficient M/ZLD operations.

Keywords:
backpressureembossinghigh-pressure ROpermeate carrierpressure dropreverse osmosisultrahigh-pressure RO

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Area of Science:

  • Water treatment technologies
  • Materials science

Background:

  • Membrane brine concentration (MBC) is a cost-effective alternative to thermal methods for achieving minimum and zero liquid discharge (M/ZLD).
  • Ultrahigh-pressure reverse osmosis (UHPRO) and osmosis-assisted RO (OARO) operate at 80-120 bar, posing challenges for conventional membranes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the mechanical failure of commercial RO membranes under UHPRO/OARO conditions.
  • To develop and evaluate a novel permeate carrier to mitigate membrane damage and performance loss.

Main Methods:

  • Operated commercial RO membranes on standard permeate carriers (PCs) at 80-120 bar.
  • Analyzed membrane compaction and embossing using optical and SEM imaging.
  • Designed and tested an embossing-free permeate carrier (EFPC) with commercial RO membranes up to 120 bar.

Main Results:

  • Standard PCs caused RO membrane compaction and embossing, leading to reduced water permeability and salt rejection.
  • Polyamide/polysulfone layers ruptured under high pressure, causing irreversible performance loss.
  • The novel EFPC prevented embossing and membrane damage, maintaining stable flux and salt rejection up to 120 bar.

Conclusions:

  • Permeate carrier design is critical for the success of UHPRO/OARO technologies.
  • Embossing-free permeate carriers are essential for realizing the full potential of membrane brine concentration for M/ZLD.