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3D MR Thermometry Using Bi-Directional Segmented EPI for Transcranial-Focused Ultrasound.

Michael Malmberg1,2, Seong-Eun Kim2, John Roberts2

  • 1Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.

Magnetic Resonance in Medicine
|November 24, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Three-dimensional segmented EPI-based thermometry (segEPI) offers a feasible and accurate alternative to 2D clinical thermometry. This advanced method provides comparable precision and scan times, enhancing the understanding of heating extent.

Keywords:
3DEPIMRgFUSfocused ultrasoundsegmented EPItemperaturethermometry

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Area of Science:

  • Magnetic Resonance Imaging
  • Medical Physics
  • Thermal Therapy Monitoring

Background:

  • Clinical 2D thermometry is the standard for monitoring thermal therapies.
  • Limitations exist in 2D thermometry regarding accuracy and spatial coverage.
  • Advancements in MRI sequences may offer improved thermometry solutions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess the feasibility of replacing 2D thermometry with 3D segmented EPI-based thermometry (segEPI).
  • To evaluate if 3D segEPI achieves equivalent accuracy, precision, and scan time.
  • To determine the potential for rapid clinical integration of 3D segEPI.

Main Methods:

  • Modified a 3D segEPI sequence for bidirectional readouts.
  • Integrated the modified sequence into a clinical protocol.
  • Performed focused ultrasound sonication in phantoms and in vivo scans to compare 3D segEPI with 2D thermometry, analyzing accuracy, precision, and heating extent at various interpolation levels.

Main Results:

  • 3D segEPI demonstrated high agreement with 2D clinical thermometry.
  • Temperature agreement remained within ±1°C with 0.5 mm in-plane voxel spacing.
  • 3D segEPI provided better characterization of heating distribution, though with a slightly wider full-width at half maximum (∼17%).
  • Echo combination in segEPI improved temperature estimate precision.

Conclusions:

  • 3D segEPI thermometry is a viable and promising alternative to current 2D clinical methods.
  • The technique shows potential for seamless integration into existing clinical workflows.
  • 3D segEPI enhances the monitoring of thermal therapies with improved spatial information.