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Ethanol depletion dynamics in non-recirculating system breath alcohol simulators.

Oliver Fogarty-Harnish1,2, Jill K Yeakel1, Ted L Pauley2

  • 1Harrisburg University of Science and Technology, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, USA.

Journal of Forensic Sciences
|November 24, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Ethanol concentration in breath alcohol simulators depletes predictably with use. This study quantifies ethanol depletion, finding it correlates with air volume and initial concentration, enabling predictive modeling for calibration accuracy.

Keywords:
blood alcohol concentration and BACbreath alcohol analysisbreath alcohol concentration and BrACbreath alcohol simulatorsbreath alcohol testingdrunk drivingethanol

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Area of Science:

  • Forensic Science
  • Analytical Chemistry
  • Instrument Calibration

Background:

  • Breath alcohol simulators use heated ethanol solutions to mimic human breath for calibrating alcohol testing devices.
  • Repeated sampling of simulator vapor leads to ethanol concentration depletion at an unquantified rate.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To quantify and understand ethanol depletion in non-recirculating breath alcohol simulators.
  • To determine the relationship between air flow rate, initial concentration, and ethanol depletion.
  • To develop a predictive model for ethanol concentration after repeated testing.

Main Methods:

  • Breath alcohol simulators were filled with reference solutions.
  • Air was pumped through simulators at varying flow rates (11, 16, 21 L/min) and concentrations (0.02–0.40 BrAC).
  • Ethanol concentration depletion was measured using infrared spectroscopy.

Main Results:

  • Ethanol depletion directly correlated with the total volume of air passed through the system (r > -0.95).
  • Higher initial ethanol concentrations resulted in increased depletion rates.
  • A predictive equation for ethanol concentration after repeated testing was developed.

Conclusions:

  • Ethanol depletion in non-recirculating simulators is predictable based on air volume and initial concentration.
  • Findings support the development of more accurate calibration protocols for breath alcohol testing instruments.
  • Understanding depletion rates is crucial for maintaining the reliability of evidential breath alcohol measurements.