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Related Concept Videos

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Metallic Solids

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Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a uniform distribution of atomic nuclei within a “sea” of delocalized electrons. The atoms within such a metallic solid are held together by a unique force known as metallic bonding that gives rise to many useful and varied bulk properties.
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The hemoglobin in the blood, the chlorophyll in green plants, vitamin B-12, and the catalyst used in the manufacture of polyethylene all contain coordination compounds. Ions of the metals, especially the transition metals, are likely to form complexes.
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Metal-Semiconductor Junctions01:24

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The contact of metal and semiconductor can lead to the formation of a junction with either Schottky or Ohmic behavior.
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Biasing of Metal-Semiconductor Junctions01:27

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Biasing metal-semiconductor junctions involves applying a voltage across the junction. Specifically, the metal is connected to a voltage source, while the semiconductor is grounded. This technique is essential for controlling the direction and magnitude of current flow in electronic devices, including diodes, transistors, and photovoltaic cells.
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Theory of Metallic Conduction01:17

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The conduction of free electrons inside a conductor is best described by quantum mechanics. However, a classical model makes predictions close to the results of quantum mechanics. It is called the theory of metallic conduction.
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Composite Bodies00:55

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A composite body is a body made up of multiple parts, connected to form a larger, unified object. Each part has its own weight and center of gravity, which must be considered to determine the center of gravity of the composite body. In cases where the density or specific weight is constant, the center of gravity coincides with the centroid.
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Ultrasound Velocity Measurement in a Liquid Metal Electrode
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Lightweight Bismuth-Based Liquid Metal Composite.

Ju Wang1, Minghui Guo1, Weichen Feng2

  • 1Key Laboratory of Cryogenic Science and Technology, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.

Small (Weinheim an Der Bergstrasse, Germany)
|November 24, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed a lightweight bismuth-based liquid metal composite (BLMC) by adding hollow glass microspheres. This novel material significantly reduces density while retaining excellent conductivity and mechanical properties for advanced applications.

Keywords:
bismuth‐based liquid metalinjectable bone cementlightweight compositeshape memory materialwearable device

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Metallurgy
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Bismuth (Bi)-based liquid metals offer stable solid states and low-temperature transitions, simplifying handling.
  • High density of conventional Bi-based liquid metals limits their use in weight-sensitive applications like wearables and implants.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To address the density limitations of Bi-based liquid metals.
  • To develop a lightweight Bi-based liquid metal composite (BLMC) with enhanced properties.
  • To explore the potential of BLMC in various technological fields.

Main Methods:

  • Incorporation of hollow glass microspheres into a Bi-based liquid metal alloy.
  • Characterization of the composite's density, electrical conductivity, thermal performance, and mechanical strength.
  • Finite element modeling to analyze microscale interactions and heat transfer.

Main Results:

  • Achieved a density reduction exceeding 50% in the BLMC.
  • Maintained excellent electrical conductivity, thermal performance, and mechanical strength.
  • Enhanced plasticity and tunable structural support due to the granular microstructure.

Conclusions:

  • The developed BLMC offers a lightweight alternative to conventional Bi-based liquid metals.
  • BLMC shows promise for applications in injectable bone cement, wearable device coatings, and shape-memory materials.
  • This work expands the utility of Bi-based liquid metals for wearable and intelligent systems.