Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jan 10, 2026

Proton Therapy Delivery and Its Clinical Application in Select Solid Tumor Malignancies
Published on: February 6, 2019
Comparison of protons and very high-energy electrons transmission pencil-beam-scanning for FLASH radiotherapy
Flavia Gesualdi1, Louis Ermeneux1,2, Pierre Lansonneur3
1Institut Curie - Proton Therapy Center of Orsay, Radiation Oncology Department, 15 Rue Georges Clémenceau, 91400 Orsay, France.
Background And Purpose:
Very High-Energy Electron (VHEE) radiotherapy stands as a promising alternative to proton therapy in view of the FLASH effect, which allows for differential sparing of healthy tissues under ultra-high dose rate irradiation. This study compared the quality of transmission Pencil-Beam-Scanning proton and VHEE treatment plans, with emphasis on dose rate quantification relevant to the assessment of the FLASH effect.
Materials And Methods:
Proton (250 MeV) and VHEE (200 MeV and 150 MeV) treatment plans were designed for four patient cases. Plans were optimized using an in-house developed spot weight and position optimization algorithm. Objectives were set through scorecards based on RTOG protocols. Dose rate estimations were based on beam parameters of the ProBeam system for protons and of a realistic VHEE system. For each structure, a new, model-free FLASH index was calculated.
Results:
VHEE treatment plans achieved a quality comparable to that of protons. While the conformity and homogeneity were similar, FLASH indices tended to be higher for protons due to higher dose rates covering more healthy tissues. A pulse repetition frequency of 500 Hz was found necessary to attain FLASH-compatible dose rates (≥40 Gy/s).
Conclusions:
The importance of treatment parameters (such as pulse repetition frequency) for VHEEs to reach ultra-high dose rates was assessed. With their high plan quality, VHEEs could constitute a viable alternative to proton transmission plans and a promising modality for FLASH therapy. The proposed FLASH index offers a robust tool to compare the FLASH potential across treatment modalities.
More Related Videos
08:31Sample Preparation and Experimental Design for In Situ Multi-Beam Transmission Electron Microscopy Irradiation Experiments
Published on: June 27, 2022
10:23Author Spotlight: A Machine-Vision Approach to Transmission Electron Microscopy Workflows, Results Analysis and Data Management
Published on: June 23, 2023
Related Concept Videos
Transmission Electron Microscopy
Scanning Electron Microscopy
Fundamental Principles
Accelerated...
Overview of Electron Microscopy
Overview of Microscopy Techniques
Types of Radioactivity
Alpha (α) decay is the emission of an α particle from the nucleus. For example, polonium-210 undergoes α decay:
Positron Emission Tomography
One of the main requirements of a PET scan is a positron-emitting radioisotope, which is produced in a cyclotron and then attached to a substance used by the part of the body...