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Related Concept Videos

T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

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When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...
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Immunological Memory01:23

Immunological Memory

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Immunological memory, a pivotal pillar of the adaptive immune system, is responsible for the body's ability to remember and respond more swiftly and effectively to previously encountered pathogens. This remarkable feature is what makes vaccines so effective in preventing diseases.
What is Immunological Memory?
Immunological memory is an integral function of the immune system that allows it to recognize and react more rapidly and effectively to pathogens previously encountered. This feature...
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Cell-mediated Immune Responses01:40

Cell-mediated Immune Responses

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Overview
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Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response01:23

Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response

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The T and B lymphocytes of the adaptive immune system develop from common lymphoid progenitor cells in the bone marrow. These progenitors give rise to precursors that eventually develop into both T and B lymphocytes. As these precursors mature, they gain the ability to detect and respond to foreign antigens in the body, a process known as immunocompetence. Additionally, these precursors acquire self-tolerance, a process that ensures they do not react to self-antigens. This intricate system...
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T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

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T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
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Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens01:29

Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens

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The immune system's response to viral infections is a complex and coordinated process involving natural killer (NK) cells, T cell-mediated responses, and antibody-mediated responses.
NK Cells
NK cells are a crucial part of our innate immune system, acting as the first line of defense against viral infections. These cells can recognize and kill infected cells without prior exposure to the virus, effectively slowing down the spread of infection. Additionally, NK cells produce proinflammatory...
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Memory regulatory T cells reprogram into protective T<sub>FH</sub> cell-like effectors in recurrent malaria.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 10, 2026

Phenotypic and Functional Analysis of Activated Regulatory T Cells Isolated from Chronic Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus-infected Mice
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Phenotypic and Functional Analysis of Activated Regulatory T Cells Isolated from Chronic Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus-infected Mice

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Memory Regulatory T Cells Reprogram into Protective Tfh-like Effectors in Recurrent Malaria.

Nana Appiah Essel Charles-Chess, Anthony A Ruberto, Carson Bowers

    Biorxiv : the Preprint Server for Biology
    |November 24, 2025
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Memory regulatory T cells (Tregs) switch function during recurrent malaria. These cells transition from immunosuppressive to protective roles, enhancing antibody responses and improving Plasmodium control.

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    In Vitro Assay of Plasmodium-Infected Red Blood Cell Killing by Cytotoxic Lymphocytes
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    Area of Science:

    • Immunology
    • Infectious Diseases
    • Parasitology

    Background:

    • Regulatory T cells (Tregs) typically suppress immunity during primary Plasmodium infections, hindering parasite control.
    • The function of Tregs in recurrent malaria infections is not well understood.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the role and function of memory Tregs (mTregs) during recurrent Plasmodium infections.
    • To elucidate the mechanisms by which mTregs adapt their function in the context of reinfection.

    Main Methods:

    • Longitudinal studies in human and mouse models of malaria.
    • Analysis of mTreg expansion, epigenetic reprogramming, and differentiation.
    • Investigated the transition of Foxp3+ Tregs to Bcl6+ follicular T helper (Tfh)-like cells.

    Main Results:

    • Memory Tregs (mTregs) expand and undergo epigenetic reprogramming upon reinfection.
    • mTregs differentiate into Tfh-like effector cells, promoting germinal center (GC) responses.
    • These mTreg-derived Tfh-like cells enhance Plasmodium-specific antibody production and parasite control.

    Conclusions:

    • Memory Tregs exhibit adaptive plasticity, switching from immunosuppressive to protective roles during recurrent malaria.
    • This functional plasticity of mTregs is crucial for effective Plasmodium control upon reinfection.
    • Findings reveal a novel mechanism of immune regulation in chronic parasitic infections.