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Related Concept Videos

Herniated Intervertebral Disc l: Introduction01:29

Herniated Intervertebral Disc l: Introduction

Intervertebral disc herniation refers to the displacement of the nucleus pulposus (the gel-like inner core of the disc) through a tear or weakened area in the annulus fibrosus (the outer fibrous ring). The displaced disc material extends beyond the normal boundaries of the disc space and may compress or irritate nearby spinal nerve roots or, less commonly, the spinal cord.Etiology and Risk FactorsHerniation commonly results from degeneration, in which aging reduces disc hydration and...
Degenerative Disc Disease I: Introduction01:27

Degenerative Disc Disease I: Introduction

Degenerative disc disease is a chronic condition in which intervertebral discs gradually lose structure and function. It is not infectious or autoimmune; rather, it results from age-related biochemical and mechanical changes, influenced by genetic, metabolic, and environmental factors.Structure and Function of DiscsThe spine contains 23 intervertebral discs that absorb load, distribute forces, maintain spacing, and allow flexibility. Each disc consists of a nucleus pulposus, a gel-like core...
Degenerative Disc Disease ll: Pathophysiology01:23

Degenerative Disc Disease ll: Pathophysiology

The symptoms of degenerative disc disease arise from a combination of mechanical compression, vascular compromise, and biochemical inflammation, which together disrupt nerve function and produce pain.Mechanical CompressionDisc degeneration reduces height and elasticity, predisposing to herniation of the nucleus pulposus, a major cause of radicular pain. Herniations may be protrusion (bulging with intact annulus), extrusion (nucleus extends beyond disc but remains connected), or sequestration...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 11, 2026

A Proinflammatory, Degenerative Organ Culture Model to Simulate Early-Stage Intervertebral Disc Disease.
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Biomechanical Changes Following Cervical Disc Arthroplasty.

Hussein Shoukry1, Mohamed Elashhab2, Ashraf Ismail Bakr2

  • 1Trauma and Orthopaedics at the University Hospitals of North Midlands NHS Trust in Stoke-On-Trent, UK.

Ortopedia, Traumatologia, Rehabilitacja
|November 24, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Cervical disc arthroplasty (CDA) preserves motion and spinal biomechanics, offering an alternative to anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF). While complications exist, CDA shows promise for treating cervical disc disease.

Keywords:
cervical implant prosthesiscervical radiculopathydegenerative spine diseasespondylotic myelopathy

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Area of Science:

  • Spine surgery
  • Biomechanics
  • Orthopedics

Background:

  • Anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) has been standard for symptomatic cervical disc disease for over 50 years.
  • Concerns about adjacent segment degeneration (ASD) after ACDF drive research into alternative surgical techniques.
  • Cervical disc arthroplasty (CDA) aims to preserve motion and restore spinal biomechanics.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review intervertebral disc (IVD) biomechanics.
  • To analyze biomechanical changes after cervical disc arthroplasty (CDA).

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of current evidence on CDA.
  • Analysis of biomechanical outcomes and complications associated with CDA.

Main Results:

  • CDA generally maintains physiological spinal motion, with range of motion (ROM) near normal values.
  • Complications like wear and heterotrophic ossification are noted but device stability is satisfactory.
  • Biomechanical differences between semi-constrained and unconstrained CDA designs are negligible.

Conclusions:

  • CDA presents a viable alternative to ACDF for selected patients with symptomatic cervical disc disease.
  • Further long-term studies are required for comprehensive outcome assessment of CDA.