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Related Experiment Video

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Liquid-in-Liquid Prints: High-Density Biochemically Encoded Information Preserved in Microdroplet Arrays.

Maximilian Breitfeld1, Robert Strutt1, Leonard Fröhlich1

  • 1Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zürich, Schanzenstrasse 44, Basel, 4056, Switzerland.

Advanced Materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)
|November 24, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Scientists developed a new liquid printing method to write and store information using microdroplets. This technology enables precise biochemical encoding and retrieval of data within liquids, offering novel applications in information storage and materials science.

Keywords:
automationchemical informationdroplet microfluidicsencodinghigh‐throughput assaysliquid state printing

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Information Theory

Background:

  • Liquids store vast information, but precise composition control and preservation are challenging due to diffusion.
  • Current methods struggle with spatial patterning of solutes, limiting liquid-based information encoding.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce a novel concept for writing and preserving information within the liquid state.
  • To demonstrate a new technology for high-resolution liquid patterning and biochemical information encoding.

Main Methods:

  • Development of liquid-in-liquid microdroplet array printing technology.
  • Creation of 2D liquid structures composed of indexed water-in-oil droplet pixels.
  • Application of biochemical encoding schemes for writing information (images, QR codes, text).
  • Utilizing reversible phase transitions for information encryption and decryption.

Main Results:

  • Achieved fine resolution, 2D liquid structures with precise droplet composition and tight inter-pixel pitch.
  • Successfully wrote various forms of information biochemically, including images and text.
  • Demonstrated deterministic information release, exchange, or decay without external stimuli.
  • Showcased computational principles like error correction and information storage.

Conclusions:

  • The microdroplet array printing technology offers a new paradigm for information storage and manipulation in liquids.
  • This approach enables precise control over information encoding, encryption, and release.
  • The technology has broad relevance for applications requiring precise liquid handling, such as biological assays and materials design.