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Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in Saudi Arabia: a multicenter descriptive study.

Abdulmalik Alshoshan1, Adi Abdulaziz R Aldubaiyan1, Ammar Hakami1

  • 1Neuroscience Department, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis & Frontotemporal Degeneration
|November 24, 2025
PubMed
Summary

This study details Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) in Saudi Arabia, revealing a younger age of onset and significant familial prevalence. Findings offer insights into region-specific patterns for improved diagnosis and potential therapies.

Keywords:
ALS functional rating scale (ALSFRS-R)Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)OPTN mutationSOD1 mutationSaudi Arabiafamilial ALSmotor neuron disease (MND)sporadic ALS

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Neurodegenerative Diseases
  • Epidemiology

Background:

  • Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease with limited research in the Middle East.
  • Understanding regional variations in ALS demographics and clinical presentation is crucial for targeted healthcare strategies.
  • Saudi Arabia presents a unique demographic and genetic landscape for studying ALS.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the demographic and clinical characteristics of ALS patients in Saudi Arabia.
  • To analyze disease progression and prognosis within the Saudi Arabian population.
  • To identify region-specific patterns of ALS for potential therapeutic advancements.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective multicenter cohort study across five Saudi tertiary centers (2003-2022).
  • Diagnosis confirmed using revised El Escorial criteria with EMG where indicated.
  • Data collected on demographics, family history, phenotype, imaging, genetics, and treatment outcomes.

Main Results:

  • 270 patients included; mean age at symptom onset was 51 years.
  • Limb-onset (68%) more common than bulbar-onset (32%).
  • 14% familial prevalence; common genetic variants included OPTN and SOD1.
  • Approximately 80% requiring advanced support received it within 3 years of symptom onset.
  • Riluzole was the most common treatment.

Conclusions:

  • This study provides critical insights into ALS in Saudi Arabia, highlighting a younger age of onset and notable familial prevalence.
  • Findings underscore the need for further research into genetic and environmental factors influencing ALS in the region.
  • Improved understanding can lead to enhanced diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for ALS patients in Saudi Arabia.