A genome-wide CRISPR screen identifies the TNRC18 gene locus as a regulator of inflammatory signaling

Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) is dysregulated in chronic inflammatory diseases, yet the genetic factors influencing IL-1β production remain largely unknown. Myeloid-derived cells are the primary producers of IL-1β, which prompted a genome-wide CRISPR knockout screen in the human myeloid-derived U937 cells treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to mimic inflammatory conditions and sorted for high and low intracellular IL-1β levels. A total of 295 genes are identified as regulators of IL-1β production, with 57 overlapping loci associated with inflammatory diseases, including the TNRC18 gene locus associated with multiple diseases in the Finnish population. U937 cells engineered with the Finnish-enriched rs748670681 risk allele demonstrate decreased expression of TNRC18 and an adjacent gene WIPI2, reduction in LPS-dependent gene activation and cytokine production, but elevation of interferon-responsive gene programs. Transcriptomic profiles for individual knockouts of TNRC18 and WIPI2 attribute the loss of LPS-dependent signaling primarily to TNRC18, which occurs through the modulation of H3K27 acetylation around inflammatory regulatory regions via TNRC18 and its protein interaction network. In contrast, the loss of WIPI2 is characterized by an exacerbation of interferon signaling. These findings delineate the global regulatory mechanisms of IL-1β production and provide molecular insights to the role of the rs748670681 variant in inflammatory diseases.