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Updated: Jan 10, 2026

Functionalized Spirocyclic Heterocycle Synthesis and Cytotoxicity Assay
Published on: February 9, 2021
Triazole-Based Tricyclic Energetics: High Performance With Tuned Insensitivity
Manojkumar Jujam1, Navaneet Kumar1, Vikas D Ghule2
1Energetic Materials Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India.
Abstract:
Developing energetic materials (EMs) that offer superior performance while minimizing sensitivity to external stimulation, acceptable thermal stability, and upholding higher environmental acceptability is a pressing need. We developed poly-nitro C-C bonded 1,2,3- and 1,2,4-triazole-based tricyclic EMs, combining high performance with safety. Among all, hexa-nitro compound 9 shows excellent detonation performance (detonation velocity [VD]: 8874 m s-1, detonation pressure [P]: 34.4 GPa) and moderate insensitivity (IS: 15 J), competing with RDX in terms of VD and sensitivity. Their energetic salts (5-7) exhibit moderate to excellent VD of 7787-8379 m s-1, P of 21.9-34.4 GPa, high thermal stability (190°C-194°C), and superior insensitivity (IS: 40 J, friction sensitivity [FS]: 360 N), surpassing TNT, offering next-generation explosives balancing energy, stability, and safety.
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