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A Three-Dimensional Spheroid Model to Investigate the Tumor-Stromal Interaction in Hepatocellular Carcinoma
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Targeted therapy for biliary tract cancer: facts and fictions as well as demands and challenges

Daniel Neureiter1,2, Peter Ellinghaus3, Matthias Ocker4,5,6

  • 1Institute of Pathology, Paracelsus Medical University/University Hospital Salzburg (SALK), Salzburg, Austria.

Expert Review of Anticancer Therapy
|November 25, 2025
PubMed
Abstract

Insights

Targeted therapy for biliary tract cancer (BTC) shows limited clinical success despite promising preclinical data. Bridging this translational gap requires integrating novel technologies and multidisciplinary efforts for improved patient outcomes.

Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Translational Research

Background:

  • Targeted therapy is a key strategy for biliary tract cancer (BTC).
  • Clinical efficacy of targeted therapy in BTC is limited compared to preclinical findings.
  • A significant translational gap exists between laboratory research and patient outcomes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the landscape of targeted therapy in BTC.
  • To review molecular mechanisms, signaling pathways, and clinical trial data.
  • To address uncertainties and discuss future challenges in BTC targeted therapy.

Main Methods:

  • Review of established facts on targeted therapy in BTC.
  • Analysis of molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways.
  • Discussion of clinical trial data, patient variables, and comorbidities.

Main Results:

  • Heterogeneous landscape of targeted therapy in BTC identified.
  • Uncertainties regarding patient- and tumor-related variables and infectious comorbidities noted.
  • Emphasis on integrating novel technologies and biomarker-driven approaches.

Conclusions:

  • Early and accurate diagnosis using noninvasive biomarkers like liquid biopsies is crucial.
  • High-volume BTC centers are essential for translating molecular analyses into personalized therapies.
  • International multicenter trials and industry collaborations are imperative for advancing BTC treatment.
Keywords:
Biliary tract cancerbiomarkersprecision medicineresistance mechanismstargeted therapy

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