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Related Concept Videos

Cancer Stem Cells and Tumor Maintenance02:40

Cancer Stem Cells and Tumor Maintenance

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Early diagnosis and treatment can often cure cancer. However, even with treatment, residual cells called cancer stem cells (CSC) might remain, often causing tumor recurrence. These cancer stem cells possess the potential for self-renewal and multi-lineage differentiation and are often responsible for the therapeutic resistance displayed in most cancers.
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The orderly progression of the cell cycle depends on the activation of Cdk protein by binding to its cyclin partner. However, the cell cycle must be restricted when undergoing abnormal changes. Most cancers correlate to the deregulated cell cycle, and since Cdks are a central component of the cell cycle, Cdk inhibitors are extensively studied to develop anticancer agents. For instance, cyclin D associates with several Cdks, such as Cdk 4/6, to form an active complex. The cyclin D-Cdk4/6 complex...
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Metastasis

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Metastasis is the spread of cancer cells from the original site to distant locations in the body. Cancer cells can spread via blood vessels (hematogenous) as well as lymph vessels in the body.
Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition
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All blood and immune cells are produced from the multipotent hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) by the process of hematopoiesis. However, they all have a limited life span. In addition, many are depleted in immune surveillance or combatting an injury or infection. This makes blood one of the most regenerative tissues. Hematopoiesis helps replenish these blood and immune cells, restoring the body's normal functioning. However, overproduction of blood and immune cells can make them cancerous or...
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The Tumor Microenvironment02:17

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Every normal cell or tissue is embedded in a complex local environment called stroma, consisting of different cell types, a basal membrane, and blood vessels. As normal cells mutate and develop into cancer cells, their local environment also changes to allow cancer progression. The tumor microenvironment (TME) consists of a complex cellular matrix of stromal cells and the developing tumor. The cross-talk between cancer cells and surrounding stromal cells is critical to disrupt normal tissue...
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The intestinal epithelial lining rapidly renews every 4 to 5 days. The renewal is facilitated by intestinal stem cells (ISCs) located at the base of the crypt– a gland located at the bottom of each villus. ISCs divide asymmetrically to form new stem cells and progenitor daughter cells. The daughter cells are called transit-amplifying (TA) cells which move upwards along the crypt and either differentiate into absorptive cells– the enterocytes or secretory cells– including the...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 6, 2026

Obtaining Cancer Stem Cell Spheres from Gynecological and Breast Cancer Tumors
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ELF4/TRIB3/CDK6 Axis Promotes Cancer Stem Cell Activity in Endometrial Cancer.

Chun-Yu Chen1,2, Yueh-Chun Lee3,4, Yu-Hao Huang5

  • 1Department of Emergency Medicine, Tungs' Taichung MetroHarbor Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.

Journal of Cellular Physiology
|November 25, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Elevated E74-like ETS transcription factor 4 (ELF4) drives endometrial cancer (EC) progression by regulating cyclin-dependent kinase 6 (CDK6). Targeting the ELF4/TRIB3/CDK6 axis may offer new endometrial cancer therapies.

Keywords:
E74‐like ETS transcription factor 4cancer stem cellscyclin‐dependent kinase 6endometrial cancertribbles pseudokinase 3

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Evaluation of Stem Cell Properties in Human Ovarian Carcinoma Cells Using Multi and Single Cell-based Spheres Assays
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Discovery of Driver Genes in Colorectal HT29-derived Cancer Stem-Like Tumorspheres
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Discovery of Driver Genes in Colorectal HT29-derived Cancer Stem-Like Tumorspheres

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Endometrial cancer (EC) is a leading global gynecological malignancy.
  • Understanding molecular drivers of EC progression is crucial for developing targeted therapies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of E74-like ETS transcription factor 4 (ELF4) in endometrial cancer (EC) progression.
  • To identify downstream targets and regulatory pathways of ELF4 in EC.

Main Methods:

  • TCGA data analysis using TISIDB web tool.
  • Tissue microarray analysis of EC specimens.
  • In vitro studies using EC cell lines and patient-derived cells involving gene knockdown and overexpression.
  • Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays.
  • Analysis of stemness markers and tumorsphere formation.

Main Results:

  • Elevated ELF4 expression correlates with higher EC grade and poorer survival.
  • ELF4 knockdown suppresses EC cell proliferation, cell cycle, and cancer stem cell (CSC) activity.
  • ELF4 directly targets and upregulates cyclin-dependent kinase 6 (CDK6) expression.
  • The ELF4/TRIB3 complex cooperatively regulates CDK6.
  • Co-expression of ELF4, TRIB3, and CDK6 predicts poor prognosis in EC.

Conclusions:

  • The ELF4/TRIB3/CDK6 signaling axis is a critical regulator of EC progression and CSC maintenance.
  • This axis represents a potential therapeutic target for endometrial cancer.