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When a pathogen enters the body and reproduces, it can cause an infection, damage body cells, and cause illness symptoms that eventually lead to disease. Therefore, its prevention requires breaking the chain of infection.
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Symbiotic relationships are long-term, close interactions between individuals of different species that affect the distribution and abundance of those species. When a relationship is beneficial to both species, this is called mutualism. When the relationship is beneficial to one species but neither beneficial nor harmful to the other species, this is called commensalism. When one organism is harmed to benefit another, the relationship is known as parasitism. These types of relationships often...
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Experimental Viral Infection in Adult Mosquitoes by Oral Feeding and Microinjection
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Pathogens spread by high-flying wind-borne mosquitoes.

Roland Bamou1, Adama Dao2, Alpha S Yaro2

  • 1Division of Intramural Research, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
|November 25, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

High-flying mosquitoes, including common genera like Culex and Aedes, carry numerous pathogens such as malaria and dengue viruses. This aerial migration highlights a significant, previously underestimated, pathway for disease transmission over long distances.

Keywords:
disease surveillancedisease-spreaddispersalhigh-altitude windborne migrationmosquito-borne pathogen

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Area of Science:

  • Vector-borne disease epidemiology
  • Aerobiology and entomology
  • Pathogen transmission dynamics

Background:

  • Mosquito-borne diseases (e.g., malaria, dengue) cause significant global mortality.
  • High-altitude wind-borne migration in mosquitoes is documented but its epidemiological role is unknown.
  • The potential for long-distance pathogen spread by flying mosquitoes requires direct investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To test the hypothesis that high-flying mosquitoes spread pathogens over long distances.
  • To investigate the epidemiological significance of mosquito high-altitude migration.
  • To characterize the pathogen-vector aerial network in mosquito populations.

Main Methods:

  • Collected 1,017 female mosquitoes using balloon-suspended nets at 120-290 m altitude in Mali and Ghana.
  • Screened mosquitoes for arboviruses, Haemosporida (Plasmodium spp.), and filariae.
  • Determined infection and infectiousness rates, and identified specific pathogens and mosquito species.

Main Results:

  • 61 mosquito species, including Culex, Aedes, and Anopheles, were collected at high altitudes.
  • Significant infection rates were found: Plasmodium spp. (7.2%), filariae (1.6%), and flaviviruses (3.5%).
  • Twenty-one pathogens were identified, with disseminated infections in several species, confirming pathogen-carrying capacity.

Conclusions:

  • High-flying mosquitoes are commonly infected with diverse pathogens, including arboviruses, protozoans, and helminths.
  • Disseminated infections in high-altitude mosquitoes demonstrate their capacity to transmit pathogens over long distances.
  • This aerial pathogen-vector network is crucial for maintaining sylvatic pathogens and initiating outbreaks in new locations.