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Foreign Accent and Forensic Speaker Identification in Voice Lineups: The Influence of Acoustic Features Based on Prosody
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Speech rate and associations in predictive sentence processing.

Anuenue Kukona1

  • 1University of Greenwich, Old Royal Naval College, Park Row, London, SE10 9LS, UK. a.p.bakerkukona@greenwich.ac.uk.

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|November 25, 2025
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Summary

Listeners make predictions during rapid speech, guided by associations. These predictions are supported by word associations but not dominated by them, even at faster speech rates.

Keywords:
AssociationsMouse cursor trackingPredictionSentence processingSpeech rate

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Psycholinguistics
  • Speech Processing

Background:

  • Comprehenders often predict upcoming words during speech processing.
  • The role of prediction in rapid speech comprehension is not fully understood.
  • Association-based predictions may facilitate processing under time pressure.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate whether comprehenders make association-based predictions during rapid speech.
  • To examine the influence of speech rate on predictive processing.
  • To determine the extent to which associations support predictions in fast speech.

Main Methods:

  • Two mouse cursor tracking experiments were conducted.
  • Participants heard predictive and non-predictive sentences at normal and fast speech rates.
  • Visual arrays with predictable, unpredictable-associated, and unrelated objects were presented.

Main Results:

  • Mouse cursor movements indicated predictions towards predictable objects before target words.
  • Participants' cursor movements were attracted to unpredictable but verb-associated objects.
  • Association-based predictions occurred at both normal and fast speech rates.

Conclusions:

  • Listeners utilize association-based predictions when comprehending rapid speech.
  • Associations support predictive processing but do not solely drive it.
  • Predictive processing mechanisms adapt to varying speech rates.