Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Somatosensation01:33

Somatosensation

42.9K
The somatosensory system relays sensory information from the skin, mucous membranes, limbs, and joints. Somatosensation is more familiarly known as the sense of touch. A typical somatosensory pathway includes three types of long neurons: primary, secondary, and tertiary. Primary neurons have cell bodies located near the spinal cord in groups of neurons called dorsal root ganglia. The sensory neurons of ganglia innervate designated areas of skin called dermatomes.
42.9K
Major Somatic Sensory Pathways01:28

Major Somatic Sensory Pathways

2.3K
Sensory impulses related to touch, pressure, vibration, and proprioception from various body parts, such as the limbs, trunk, neck, and posterior head, travel to the cerebral cortex through the posterior column-medial lemniscus pathway. The pathway’s name derives from the two white-matter tracts that convey the impulses: the spinal cord's posterior column and the brainstem's medial lemniscus. First-order sensory neurons extend their axons into the spinal cord, forming the...
2.3K
Somatosensory, Motor, and Association Cortex01:23

Somatosensory, Motor, and Association Cortex

2.2K
The somatosensory cortex in the parietal lobes is crucial for interpreting sensory data such as touch, temperature, and proprioception. The somatosensory cortex, situated in the parietal lobes, plays a vital role in interpreting sensory information like touch, temperature, and proprioception—awareness of body position. This specialized brain region features an organized structure wherein neurons at the top primarily process sensations originating from the lower body. In contrast, those at...
2.2K
Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cortex01:14

Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cortex

6.8K
The cerebral cortex, the brain's outermost layer, is pivotal in processing complex cognitive tasks, emotions, and various sensory inputs and executing voluntary motor activities. This intricate structure is divided into three primary functional areas: the motor areas, sensory areas, and association areas.
Motor Areas
The motor areas located in the frontal lobe are central to controlling voluntary movements. This region is further subdivided into the primary motor cortex and the premotor cortex....
6.8K
Indirect Motor Pathways01:22

Indirect Motor Pathways

3.0K
The indirect motor or extrapyramidal pathways originate in the brainstem, the lower portion of the brain that connects it to the spinal cord. They consist of several distinct tracts, each with specialized functions. The four main tracts of the indirect motor pathways are the vestibulospinal tract, the reticulospinal tract, the tectospinal tract, and the rubrospinal tract.
The vestibulospinal tract originates in the vestibular nuclei of the brainstem. The vestibular system detects changes in...
3.0K
Overview of Somatic Sensory Pathways01:29

Overview of Somatic Sensory Pathways

8.2K
Somatic sensory or somatosensory pathways refer to the neural pathways that carry information related to touch, pressure, pain, temperature, and proprioception from the skin, muscles, tendons, and joints to the brain. These pathways involve several stages of processing and integration of sensory information.
The somatosensory system is divided into three main pathways: the dorsal (or posterior) column-medial lemniscus, spinothalamic (or anterolateral), and spinocerebellar pathways.
The dorsal...
8.2K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Peri-head distance coding in the mouse brainstem.

Neuron·2026
Same author

Zinc Inhibits BTK Phosphorylation in Macrophages to Ameliorate Encephalitis in Neurotropic Virus-Infected Mice.

FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology·2026
Same author

Integrated Protocol for Assessing Meningeal Lymphatics: Cisterna Magna Injection, Lymph Node Imaging, Meningeal Dissection, and Whole-Mount Staining.

Journal of visualized experiments : JoVE·2026
Same author

RNA-programmable cell-type monitoring and manipulation in the human cortex with CellREADR.

Cell reports·2026
Same author

Phytochemical-based quality and marker identification of sweet tea (<i>Lithocarpus litseifolius</i> [hance] Chun) from various Jiangxi regions.

Food chemistry: X·2026
Same author

An immunogenomic classification of solid tumours reveals subtype-specific therapeutic vulnerabilities for immunotherapy.

EBioMedicine·2026
Same journal

Layered social competition coordinates reproductive hierarchy formation in ants.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
Same journal

Combination epigenetic-targeted therapy increases the immunogenicity of poorly immunogenic sarcomas.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
Same journal

Loss of LanC-like proteins delays post-injury regeneration of aging skeletal muscles.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
Same journal

Integrative Transfer Network: Deep Transfer Learning Across Populations and Prediction Targets.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
Same journal

Confidence-supported label-free metabolic imaging with FPhaS phase autofluorescence microscopy.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
Same journal

Sequence-encoded autoinhibition couples mRNA decapping activity to phase separation.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 10, 2026

Force and Position Control in Humans - The Role of Augmented Feedback
06:31

Force and Position Control in Humans - The Role of Augmented Feedback

Published on: June 19, 2016

8.2K

Motor Cortical Output Integrates Distorted Proprioceptive Feedback.

Yi Li1, X Hermione Xu2, Shiyang Pan3

  • 1Department of Neurobiology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA.

Biorxiv : the Preprint Server for Biology
|November 26, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers explored how the brain integrates muscle sensory feedback during movement. Optogenetic stimulation revealed the caudal forelimb area (CFA) stabilizes limb control by separating sensory information from motor commands.

More Related Videos

A Simple Non-invasive Method for Temporary Knockdown of Upper Limb Proprioception
07:42

A Simple Non-invasive Method for Temporary Knockdown of Upper Limb Proprioception

Published on: March 3, 2018

9.9K
A Human-machine-interface Integrating Low-cost Sensors with a Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation System for Post-stroke Balance Rehabilitation
11:06

A Human-machine-interface Integrating Low-cost Sensors with a Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation System for Post-stroke Balance Rehabilitation

Published on: April 12, 2016

10.8K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 10, 2026

Force and Position Control in Humans - The Role of Augmented Feedback
06:31

Force and Position Control in Humans - The Role of Augmented Feedback

Published on: June 19, 2016

8.2K
A Simple Non-invasive Method for Temporary Knockdown of Upper Limb Proprioception
07:42

A Simple Non-invasive Method for Temporary Knockdown of Upper Limb Proprioception

Published on: March 3, 2018

9.9K
A Human-machine-interface Integrating Low-cost Sensors with a Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation System for Post-stroke Balance Rehabilitation
11:06

A Human-machine-interface Integrating Low-cost Sensors with a Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation System for Post-stroke Balance Rehabilitation

Published on: April 12, 2016

10.8K

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Motor Control
  • Sensory Integration

Background:

  • Proprioception is crucial for limb movement control.
  • Integration of proprioceptive feedback into motor cortical dynamics is poorly understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how peripheral proprioceptive signals are integrated into descending motor cortical activity.
  • To understand the role of the caudal forelimb area (CFA) in processing proprioceptive feedback during movement.

Main Methods:

  • Used optogenetic stimulation of forelimb muscles during a reach-to-consume task in mice.
  • Recorded neural activity in the CFA.
  • Analyzed neural trajectories and population dynamics in response to proprioceptive perturbations.

Main Results:

  • Mice successfully performed the task despite muscle stimulation-evoked forelimb deviations.
  • CFA was preferentially activated by proprioceptive inputs and stabilized perturbed movements.
  • CFA extratelencephalic (ET) neurons encoded kinematics and proprioception.
  • Proprioceptive perturbations rapidly deflected CFA ET neural trajectories but had limited effects on task dynamics.

Conclusions:

  • The descending cortical circuit, particularly CFA, separates neural activity subspaces to integrate distorted proprioceptive feedback.
  • This mechanism preserves task-relevant motor output despite sensory disturbances.