Precision functional imaging in infants using multi-echo fMRI at 7T

Personalized functional brain developmental trajectories can be studied with Precision Functional Mapping (PFM). Our previous work has demonstrated that PFM can be achieved in infants despite rapid brain growth. However, even with extensive data collection (up to 1 hour of fMRI), the reliability and precision of these maps remain lower than those observed in youth and adults - particularly within subcortical structures. In this work we demonstrate the utility of high-field 7T MRI compared to 3T MRI for facilitating PFM in infants. We showcase data from multi-echo fMRI acquisitions in the same infants at both 7T and 3T and demonstrate that 7T imaging in infants is safe and feasible with our subject-specific safety workflow. Moreover, we demonstrate that the use of a higher magnetic field strength affords a spatial resolution more appropriately matched to infants' smaller head and brain sizes, yielding notable improvements in data quality, especially for PFM. The increase in both spatial precision and reliability also suggests that 7T MRI can reduce the amount of data required for PFM. Last, we show how ultra-high field imaging can help us study the development of subcortical-to-cortical connectivity patterns, crucial for understanding brain development during this developmental window. 7T MRI is a promising new avenue for developmental cognitive neuroscience.